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Li R, Xu Y, Zhang S, Ma Y, Liu J, Zhou B, Wang L, Zhuo N, Liu J, Zhang J, Zhai S, Liu S, Liu F, Lu Q. High brightness terahertz quantum cascade laser with near-diffraction-limited Gaussian beam. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:193. [PMID: 39152111 PMCID: PMC11329767 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
High-power terahertz (THz) quantum cascade laser, as an emerging THz solid-state radiation source, is attracting attention for numerous applications including medicine, sensing, and communication. However, due to the sub-wavelength confinement of the waveguide structure, direct beam brightness upscaling with device area remains elusive due to several mode competition and external optical lens is normally used to enhance the THz beam brightness. Here, we propose a metallic THz photonic crystal resonator with a phase-engineered design for single mode surface emission over a broad area. The quantum cascade surface-emitting laser is capable of delivering an output peak power over 185 mW with a narrow beam divergence of 4.4° × 4.4° at 3.88 THz. A high beam brightness of 1.6 × 107 W sr-1m-2 with near-diffraction-limited M2 factors of 1.4 in both vertical and lateral directions is achieved from a large device area of 1.6 × 1.6 mm2 without using any optical lenses. The adjustable phase shift between the lattices enables a stable and high-intensity surface emission over a broad device area, which makes it an ideal light extractor for large-scale THz emitters. Our research paves the way to high brightness solid-state THz lasers and facilitates new applications in standoff THz imaging, detection, and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusong Li
- Division of Quantum Materials and Devices, Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shichen Zhang
- Division of Quantum Materials and Devices, Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu Ma
- Division of Quantum Materials and Devices, Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Binru Zhou
- Division of Quantum Materials and Devices, Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Ning Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Junqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jinchuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shenqiang Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuman Liu
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fengqi Liu
- Division of Quantum Materials and Devices, Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Quanyong Lu
- Division of Quantum Materials and Devices, Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Wang Z, Liu X, Wang P, Lu H, Meng B, Zhang W, Wang L, Wang Y, Tong C. Continuous-wave operation of 1550 nm low-threshold triple-lattice photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:44. [PMID: 38311617 PMCID: PMC11251162 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Benefitting from narrow beam divergence, photonic crystal surface-emitting lasers are expected to play an essential role in the ever-growing fields of optical communication and light detection and ranging. Lasers operating with 1.55 μm wavelengths have attracted particular attention due to their minimum fiber loss and high eye-safe threshold. However, high interband absorption significantly decreases their performance at this 1.55 μm wavelength. Therefore, stronger optical feedback is needed to reduce their threshold and thus improve the output power. Toward this goal, photonic-crystal resonators with deep holes and high dielectric contrast are often used. Nevertheless, the relevant techniques for high-contrast photonic crystals inevitably complicate fabrication and reduce the final yield. In this paper, we demonstrate the first continuous-wave operation of 1.55 μm photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers by using a 'triple-lattice photonic-crystal resonator', which superimposes three lattice point groups to increase the strength of in-plane optical feedback. Using this geometry, the in-plane 180° coupling can be enhanced threefold compared to the normal single-lattice structure. Detailed theoretical and experimental investigations demonstrate the much lower threshold current density of this structure compared to 'single-lattice' and 'double-lattice' photonic-crystal resonators, verifying our design principles. Our findings provide a new strategy for photonic crystal laser miniaturization, which is crucial for realizing their use in future high-speed applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Central Research Institute Planning Dept, 2012 Labs, Huawei Technologies Company Ltd., Shenzhen, 518129, China
| | - Pinyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huanyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Bo Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Yanjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Cunzhu Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China.
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Darthy RR, Venkateswaran C, Subramanian V, Ouyang Z, Yogesh N. Accessing new avenues of photonic bandgaps using two-dimensional non-Moiré geometries. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17077. [PMID: 37816847 PMCID: PMC10564743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Photonic crystals (PhC) formed by 2-D non-Moiré geometries are realized in this work. Non-Moiré (NM) tiles are the contours of trigonometric functions that generate exciting shapes and geometries. Photonic bandstructure calculations reveal that 2-D NM geometries exhibit new avenues of photonic bandgaps compared to the regular circular rod-based PhCs. The band structures are anisotropic and show, intriguing orientation-dependent partial bandgaps. A few of the orientation-dependent frequency selective properties of the realized NM geometry-based PhCs are demonstrated using full-wave electromagnetic simulations. The proposed geometries are practically realizable, and in this work, we experimentally demonstrate the fabrication process using the 3-D printing technique for microwave frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rachel Darthy
- Department of Nuclear Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - C Venkateswaran
- Department of Nuclear Physics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - V Subramanian
- Microwave Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Zhengbiao Ouyang
- Terahertz Technical Research Center, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - N Yogesh
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, Kerala, India.
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Hitaka M, Hirose K, Sugiyama T, Ito A. 1.5 µm wavelength NPN-type photonic-crystal surface-emitting laser exceeding 100 mW. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:18645-18653. [PMID: 37381572 DOI: 10.1364/oe.491581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
A 1.5 µm laser diode has applications in eye-safe light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and optical communications via photonic integrated circuits. Photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs) have lens-free applications in compact optical systems because of narrow beam divergences (<1 degree). However, the output power has still been less than 1 mW for 1.5 µm PCSELs. For higher output power, one approach is suppression of p-dopant Zn diffusion in the photonic crystal layer. Therefore, n-type doping was used for the upper crystal layer. Moreover, an NPN-type PCSEL structure was proposed to reduce intervalence band absorption in the p-InP layer. Here, we demonstrate a 1.5 µm PCSEL with 100 mW output power, which exceeds previous reported values by two orders of magnitude.
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Self-evolving photonic crystals for ultrafast photonics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:50. [PMID: 36707512 PMCID: PMC9883472 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast dynamics in nanophotonic materials is attracting increasing attention from the perspective of exploring new physics in fundamental science and expanding functionalities in various photonic devices. In general, such dynamics is induced by external stimuli such as optical pumping or voltage application, which becomes more difficult as the optical power to be controlled becomes larger owing to the increase in the energy required for the external control. Here, we demonstrate a concept of the self-evolving photonic crystal, where the spatial profile of the photonic band is dynamically changed through carrier-photon interactions only by injecting continuous uniform current. Based on this concept, we experimentally demonstrate short-pulse generation with a high peak power of 80 W and a pulse width of <30 ps in a 1-mm-diameter GaAs-based photonic crystal. Our findings on self-evolving carrier-photon dynamics will greatly expand the potential of nanophotonic materials and will open up various scientific and industrial applications.
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Inoue T, Seki Y, Tanaka S, Togawa N, Ishizaki K, Noda S. Towards optimization of photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers via quantum annealing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:43503-43512. [PMID: 36523046 DOI: 10.1364/oe.476839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs), which utilize a two-dimensional (2D) optical resonance inside a photonic crystal for lasing, feature various outstanding functionalities such as single-mode high-power operation and arbitrary control of beam polarizations. Although most of the previous designs of PCSELs employ spatially uniform photonic crystals, it is expected that lasing performance can be further improved if it becomes possible to optimize the spatial distribution of photonic crystals. In this paper, we investigate the structural optimization of PCSELs via quantum annealing towards high-power, narrow-beam-divergence operation with linear polarization. The optimization of PCSELs is performed by the iteration of the following three steps: (1) time-dependent 3D coupled-wave analysis of lasing performance, (2) formulation of the lasing performance via a factorization machine, and (3) selection of optimal solution(s) via quantum annealing. By using this approach, we discover an advanced PCSEL with a non-uniform spatial distribution of the band-edge frequency and injection current, which simultaneously enables higher output power, a narrower divergence angle, and a higher linear polarization ratio than conventional uniform PCSELs. Our results potentially indicate the universal applicability of quantum annealing, which has been mainly applied to specific types of discrete optimization problems so far, for various physics and engineering problems in the field of smart manufacturing.
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Bin J, Feng K, Shen W, Meng M, Liu Q. Investigation on GaN-Based Membrane Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Lasers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:1479. [PMID: 35208023 PMCID: PMC8875148 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A GaN-based blue photonic crystal surface emitting laser (PCSEL) featured with membrane configuration was proposed and theoretically investigated. The membrane dimension, photonic crystal (PhC) material, lattice constant and thickness were studied by RCWA (Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis), FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) simulations with the confinement factor and gain threshold as indicators. The membrane PCSEL's confinement factor of active media is of 13~14% which is attributed to multi-pairs of quantum wells and efficient confinement of the mode in the membrane cavity with air claddings. The excellent confinement factor and larger Q factor of resonance mutually contribute to the lower gain threshold of the design (below 400 cm-1 for GaN-PhC with 100 nm thick top and bottom GaN layer, 40 nm hole radius and 40 nm depth). The PhC confinement factor exceeds 13% and 6% for TiO2-PhC with 80 nm and 60 nm PhC thickness and 20 nm and 40 nm distance between PhC and active media, respectively. It is around two times larger than that of GaN-PhC, which is attributed to the higher refractive index of TiO2 that pulls field distribution to the PhC layer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qifa Liu
- College of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China; (J.B.); (K.F.); (W.S.); (M.M.)
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Li Y, Chan CT, Mazur E. Dirac-like cone-based electromagnetic zero-index metamaterials. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:203. [PMID: 34588416 PMCID: PMC8481486 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials with a Dirac-like cone dispersion at the center of the Brillouin zone behave like an isotropic and impedance-matched zero refractive index material at the Dirac-point frequency. Such metamaterials can be realized in the form of either bulk metamaterials with efficient coupling to free-space light or on-chip metamaterials that are efficiently coupled to integrated photonic circuits. These materials enable the interactions of a spatially uniform electromagnetic mode with matter over a large area in arbitrary shapes. This unique optical property paves the way for many applications, including arbitrarily shaped high-transmission waveguides, nonlinear enhancement, and phase mismatch-free nonlinear signal generation, and collective emission of many emitters. This review summarizes the Dirac-like cone-based zero-index metamaterials' fundamental physics, design, experimental realizations, and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - C T Chan
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eric Mazur
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Laser Operating in Pulse-Periodic Regime with Ultralow Divergence Angle. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8080323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The nanosecond-level pulse-operation characteristics of photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs) with ultralow divergence were investigated in detail. We demonstrate a maximum peak output power of 14 W for a current pulse width of 9 ns, which is about 28 times the saturated power under continuous wave (CW) operation. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the optical response pulse is about 3 ns wider than the current pulse. The maximum repetition frequency reaches 400 kHz at 10 A without significant degradation of output power while the value is 100 kHz at 40 A. Moreover, the multimode behavior of the PCSEL at a high peak current was analyzed.
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Ohno H, Hashimoto R, Kaneko K, Kakuno T, Saito S. Multi-distance surface-emitting beam profile calculation method based on the FDTD method and the diffraction theory. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:9396-9406. [PMID: 33820368 DOI: 10.1364/oe.420361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid method to calculate a multi-distance beam profile emitted perpendicular from a surface of a photonic crystal (PhC) is proposed here based on the finite-domain time-difference (FDTD) method and the diffraction theory. Although the FDTD method is available to calculate a near-field emitted from the PhC, it needs too many voxels to calculate mid- and far-fields. Thus, the diffraction theory is additionally applied to obtain the mid- and far-fields using the near-field calculated by the FDTD method. A surface-emitting quantum cascade laser (QCL) that consists of a PhC and an edge-emitting laser source is fabricated to demonstrate the validity of the hybrid method. A measured beam profile of the QCL agrees with that calculated using the hybrid method, which validates applicability of the method to a surface-emitting device.
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Wang Y, Feng Y, Adamu AI, Dasa MK, Antonio-Lopez JE, Amezcua-Correa R, Markos C. Mid-infrared photoacoustic gas monitoring driven by a gas-filled hollow-core fiber laser. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3512. [PMID: 33568763 PMCID: PMC7876039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of novel mid-infrared (MIR) lasers could ultimately boost emerging detection technologies towards innovative spectroscopic and imaging solutions. Photoacoustic (PA) modality has been heralded for years as one of the most powerful detection tools enabling high signal-to-noise ratio analysis. Here, we demonstrate a novel, compact and sensitive MIR-PA system for carbon dioxide (CO2) monitoring at its strongest absorption band by combining a gas-filled fiber laser and PA technology. Specifically, the PA signals were excited by a custom-made hydrogen (H2) based MIR Raman fiber laser source with a pulse energy of ⁓ 18 μJ, quantum efficiency of ⁓ 80% and peak power of ⁓ 3.9 kW. A CO2 detection limit of 605 ppbv was attained from the Allan deviation. This work constitutes an alternative method for advanced high-sensitivity gas detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Wang
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Yuyang Feng
- COPAC A/S, Diplomvej 381, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Abubakar I Adamu
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Manoj K Dasa
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J E Antonio-Lopez
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Rodrigo Amezcua-Correa
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Christos Markos
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,NORBLIS IVS, Virumgade 35D, 2830, Virum, Denmark
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