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Li L, Xu T, Ma Q, Wang J, Xue M, Yang F, Lin Z. Ultrasensitive measurement of tactile force based on a PDMS-embedded microfiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:3251-3265. [PMID: 38297551 DOI: 10.1364/oe.514767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the utilization of an in-fiber interferometer embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to develop a highly sensitive tactile sensor. The tapered mode-field mismatch structure is more conducive to stimulating strong high order modes to promote the sensitivity of the sensor. Experimental investigations are conducted to study the sensing performance of the sensor, resulting in a sensitivity of 23.636 nm/N and a detection limit of 0.746 mN. The experiments demonstrate that employing fast Fourier transform (FFT) and inverse FFT (IFFT) methods to filter weak high order modes significantly improves the repeatability of the sensor, resulting in a repeatability error of less than 1%.
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Li X, Li Y, Wang C, Jin W, Fu G, Fu X, Bi W. High-sensitivity optical fiber probe for simultaneous measurement of chloride ions and temperature. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:9430-9436. [PMID: 38108766 DOI: 10.1364/ao.500182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
A fiber optic probe for the simultaneous measurement of chloride ions and temperature is presented. The Ag/alginate composite film is used as the reflective surface of the Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) and is a sensitive film for the adsorption of chloride ions. The experimental results show that the Fabry-Perot (FP) response sensitivity is approximately 1.4689 nm/µM as the chloride ion concentration changes from 1 to 9 µM, but the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is insensitive to chloride ions. When the temperature is changed from 35°C to 80°C, the response sensitivities of the FP and the FBG are about 0.7 and 0.01115 nm/°C, respectively.
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Li G, Wang Y, Shi A, Liu Y, Li F. Review of Seawater Fiber Optic Salinity Sensors Based on the Refractive Index Detection Principle. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2187. [PMID: 36850782 PMCID: PMC9965139 DOI: 10.3390/s23042187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a systematic review of the research available on salinity optic fiber sensors (OFSs) for seawater based on the refractive index (RI) measurement principle for the actual measurement demand of seawater salinity in marine environmental monitoring, the definition of seawater salinity and the correspondence between the seawater RI and salinity. To further investigate the progress of in situ measurements of absolute salinity by OFSs, the sensing mechanisms, research progress and measurement performance indices of various existing fiber optic salinity sensors are summarized. According to the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater-2010 (TEOS-10), absolute salinity is recommended for sensor calibration and measurement. Comprehensive domestic and international research progress shows that fiber-optic RI sensors are ideal for real-time, in situ measurement of the absolute salinity of seawater and have excellent potential for application in long-term in situ measurements in the deep ocean. Finally, based on marine environmental monitoring applications, a development plan and the technical requirements of salinity OFSs are proposed to provide references for researchers engaged in related industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaochao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ancun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuanhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhao F, Lin W, Hu J, Liu S, Yu F, Chen X, Wang G, Shum PP, Shao L. Salinity and Temperature Dual-Parameter Sensor Based on Fiber Ring Laser with Tapered Side-Hole Fiber Embedded in Sagnac Interferometer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8533. [PMID: 36366231 PMCID: PMC9657460 DOI: 10.3390/s22218533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper presented a new kind of salinity and temperature dual-parameter sensor based on a fiber ring laser (FRL) with tapered side-hole fiber (SHF) embedded in a Sagnac interferometer. The sensing structure is majorly composed of tapered SHF located in the middle of SHF inside the Sagnac interferometer loop structure. The influences of the SHF's diameters of different tapered in the Sagnac interferometer loop on the FRL sensing system are studied. The presence of air holes in the SHF makes the cladding mode easier to excite, and the interaction between the cladding mode with its surroundings is enhanced, thus having higher salinity sensitivity. Besides, the unique advantages of high resolution, narrower linewidth, and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of fiber laser make the measurement results more accurate. In this experiment, the SHF with different taper diameters was made, and it was found that reducing the diameter of the taper waist diameter could further improve the salinity sensitivity. When the waist diameter was 9.70 μm, the maximum salinity sensitivity of 0.2867 nm/‱ was achieved. Temperature sensing experiments were also carried out. The maximum temperature sensitivity of the FRL sensing system was -0.3041 nm/°C at the temperature range from 20 to 30 °C. The sensor has the characteristics of easy manufacture, good selectivity, and high sensitivity, proving the feasibility of simultaneous measurement of seawater salinity and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Weihao Lin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shuaiqi Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Feihong Yu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xingwei Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Perry Ping Shum
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liyang Shao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518005, China
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Liang H, Wang J, Zhang L, Liu J, Wang S. Review of Optical Fiber Sensors for Temperature, Salinity, and Pressure Sensing and Measurement in Seawater. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22145363. [PMID: 35891043 PMCID: PMC9325297 DOI: 10.3390/s22145363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Temperature, salinity, and pressure (TSP) are essential parameters for the ocean. Optical fiber sensors (OFSs) have rapidly come into focus as an ocean detection technology in recent years due to their advantages of electromagnetic interference, light weight, low cost, and no waterproof requirement. In this paper, the most recently developed TSP sensors for single parameter and multi-parameter TSP sensing and measurement based on different OFSs are reviewed. In addition, from the practical point of view, encapsulation methods that protect fibers and maintain the normal operation of OFSs in seawater, and the response time of the OFS, are addressed. Finally, we discuss the prospects and challenges of OFSs used in marine environments and provide some clues for future work.
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Zhang YN, Li L, Zhao J, Zhao Y. Highly sensitive salinity sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer with double-C fiber. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 2:296-302. [PMID: 38933162 PMCID: PMC11197485 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes a highly sensitive, compact, and low-cost optical fiber salinity sensor based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The sensor is constructed using a single mode fiber (SMF) - no-core fiber - double-C fiber (DCF) - NCF-SMF structure, with the DCF prepared by etching the dual side-hole fiber with HF acid. The DCF's large-size exposed microfluidic channels solve the previous microstructured optical fiber's challenging liquid filling and replacement problems. Theoretical simulations and experiments demonstrate that the sensor is suitable for high-sensitivity salinity measurement. The sensor exhibits a high salinity sensitivity of -2.26 nm/‰ in the salinity range of 10‰-50‰, as demonstrated by the experimental results. Additionally, the sensor exhibits some fascinating characteristics, including high repeatability, hysteresis, reversibility, and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-nan Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Like Li
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jincheng Zhao
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries, Shenyang 110819, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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Zhao N, Zhang Z, Lin Q, Yao K, Zhu L, Chen Y, Zhao L, Tian B, Yang P, Jiang Z. Research on the High Temperature and High Pressure Gold-Plated Fiber Grating Dual-Parameter Sensing Measurement System. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020195. [PMID: 35208319 PMCID: PMC8880381 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
In electrohydrostatic drive actuators, there is a demand for temperature and pressure monitoring in complex environments. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) has become a promising sensor for measuring temperature and pressure. However, there is a cross-sensitivity between temperature and pressure. A gold-plated FBG is proposed and manufactured, and an FBG is used as a reference grating to form a parallel all-fiber sensing system, which can realize the simultaneous measurement of pressure and temperature. Based on the simulation software, the mechanical distribution of the pressure diaphragm is analyzed, and the fixation scheme of the sensor is determined. Using the demodulator to monitor the changes in the reflectance spectrum in real-time, the pressure and ambient temperature applied to the sensor are measured. The experimental results show that the temperature sensitivity of gold-plated FBG is 3 times that of quartz FBG, which can effectively distinguish the temperature changes. The pressure response sensitivity of gold-plated FBG is 0.3 nm/MPa, which is same as the quartz FBG. Through the sensitivity matrix equation, the temperature and pressure dual-parameter sensing measurement is realized. The accuracy of the temperature and pressure measurement is 97.7% and 99.0%, and the corresponding response rates are 2.7 ms/°C and 2 ms/MPa, respectively. The sensor has a simple structure and high sensitivity, and it is promising to be applied in health monitoring in complex environments with a high temperature and high pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (N.Z.); (K.Y.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (N.Z.); (K.Y.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.J.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qijing Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (N.Z.); (K.Y.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.J.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High-End Manufacturing Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Kun Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (N.Z.); (K.Y.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Liangquan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (N.Z.); (K.Y.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Yi Chen
- Aeronautics and Astronautics Engineering College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710038, China;
| | - Libo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (N.Z.); (K.Y.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Bian Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (N.Z.); (K.Y.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Ping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (N.Z.); (K.Y.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (N.Z.); (K.Y.); (L.Z.); (L.Z.); (B.T.); (P.Y.); (Z.J.)
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Liu K, Fan J, Luo B, Zou X, Wu D, Zou X, Shi S, Guo Y, Zhao M. Highly sensitive vibration sensor based on the dispersion turning point microfiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:32983-32995. [PMID: 34809119 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we introduced a highly sensitive vibration sensor, which is based on the dispersion turning point (DTP) microfiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The axial strain and vibration sensing characteristics of the microfiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer were investigated. First, we theoretically analyzed the spectrum evolution characteristics of the microfiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer caused by axial strain. Second, the microfiber with different diameters was fabricated using the electrode discharge and fused taper method, and the axial strain experiments were conducted; the maximum sensitivity of the DTP microfiber with a diameter of ∼2.2 µm reached -45.55 pm/µɛ at ∼1550 nm. Finally, based on the axial strain principle of the microfiber, we designed a highly sensitive vibration sensor using a DTP microfiber integrated into a rectangular through-hole cantilever beam. The 30-3500 Hz vibration signal monitoring could be realized, the maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was ∼75 dB at 52 Hz, and the acceleration sensitivity reached as high as 0.764 V/g at 45Hz. These results suggested the high performance of the microfiber in axial strain and micro-vibration sensing fields.
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Yang C, Zhang S, Shi D, Wu Y, Cao Z, Liu Z. Simultaneous measurement of salinity and temperature using a Sagnac interferometer based on concatenated polarization-maintaining fiber tapers. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:8904-8909. [PMID: 34613118 DOI: 10.1364/ao.437465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A Sagnac loop interferometer based on concatenated polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) tapers is proposed for simultaneous measurement of seawater salinity and temperature. The influences of the distance between the PMF tapers as well as fiber taper diameter on sensor performance have been investigated. Experimental results indicate that the fabricated sensor with a distance of 3 cm between adjacent fiber tapers possesses the salinity and temperature sensitivities of 0.367 nm/% and -0.728nm/∘C, respectively, and the taper waist diameter of 20 µm would help to improve salinity sensitivity in comparison with a sensor of 30 µm in diameter. The proposed Sagnac loop interferometer based on concatenated PMF tapers is expected to find potential applications in the measurement of seawater salinity.
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Xu S, Chang W, Zhang Y, Yuan X, Huang Y, Ren X. Ultrasensitive enhanced fabrication-tolerance refractometer based on PANDA-air-hole microfiber at the birefringent dispersion turning point. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:3694-3707. [PMID: 33770964 DOI: 10.1364/oe.416611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present an ultrasensitive enhanced fabrication-tolerance refractometer utilizing the polarimetric interference of a tapered PANDA-air-hole fiber (PAHF). To obtain high birefringence and unique group birefringence, the PAHF is specially designed by introducing double air holes into the cladding. Ultrahigh sensitivity can be achieved by reducing the group birefringence difference to zero, defined as birefringent dispersion turning point (BDTP). By modifying the diameter of PAHF, the birefringent dispersion can be effectively manipulated to reduce the group birefringence difference. In this way, the workable diameter range for realizing the ultrahigh sensitivity is twice as large as that of conventional microfibers. Additionally, the ultrasensitive wavelength band is dramatically expanded by at least 600 nm, enabling a compact structure and a flexible fiber-length design. Due to the tunable dispersion optimization, the distinctive properties of ultrahigh sensitivity, enhanced fabrication tolerance, and broadband operation can be achieved. We experimentally verified the ultrahigh refractive index sensitivity of 47223 nm/RIU around the BDTP, and the experimental results matched well with the simulations.
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