1
|
Zhao M, Fang K. Low-loss adiabatic fiber-optic coupler for cryogenic photonics. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:9036-9040. [PMID: 38108739 DOI: 10.1364/ao.502604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in quantum light-matter coupled systems and quantum transducers have highlighted the need for cryogenic optical measurements. In this study, we present a packaged fiber-optic coupler with a coupling efficiency of over 50% for telecom wavelength light down to the mK temperature range. Besides the high coupling efficiency, our method enables sensitive photonic device measurements that are immune to mechanical vibrations present in cryogenic setups.
Collapse
|
2
|
Häußler M, Terhaar R, Wolff MA, Gehring H, Beutel F, Hartmann W, Walter N, Tillmann M, Ahangarianabhari M, Wahl M, Röhlicke T, Rahn HJ, Pernice WHP, Schuck C. Scaling waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detector solutions to large numbers of independent optical channels. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:013103. [PMID: 36725578 DOI: 10.1063/5.0114903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors are an enabling technology for modern quantum information science and are gaining attractiveness for the most demanding photon counting tasks in other fields. Embedding such detectors in photonic integrated circuits enables additional counting capabilities through nanophotonic functionalization. Here, we show how a scalable number of waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors can be interfaced with independent fiber optic channels on the same chip. Our plug-and-play detector package is hosted inside a compact and portable closed-cycle cryostat providing cryogenic signal amplification for up to 64 channels. We demonstrate state-of-the-art multi-channel photon counting performance with average system detection efficiency of (40.5 ± 9.4)% and dark count rate of (123 ± 34) Hz for 32 individually addressable detectors at minimal noise-equivalent power of (5.1 ± 1.2) · 10-18 W/Hz. Our detectors achieve timing jitter as low as 26 ps, which increases to (114 ± 17) ps for high-speed multi-channel operation using dedicated time-correlated single photon counting electronics. Our multi-channel single photon receiver offers exciting measurement capabilities for future quantum communication, remote sensing, and imaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Häußler
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| | - Robin Terhaar
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| | - Martin A Wolff
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| | - Helge Gehring
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| | - Fabian Beutel
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| | - Wladick Hartmann
- PixelPhotonics GmbH, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nicolai Walter
- PixelPhotonics GmbH, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Max Tillmann
- PicoQuant GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michael Wahl
- PicoQuant GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tino Röhlicke
- PicoQuant GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Wolfram H P Pernice
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| | - Carsten Schuck
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wasserman WW, Harrison RA, Harris GI, Sawadsky A, Sfendla YL, Bowen WP, Baker CG. Cryogenic and hermetically sealed packaging of photonic chips for optomechanics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:30822-30831. [PMID: 36242179 DOI: 10.1364/oe.463752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a hermetically sealed packaging system for integrated photonic devices at cryogenic temperatures with plug-and-play functionality. This approach provides the ability to encapsulate a controlled amount of gas into the optical package allowing helium to be used as a heat-exchange gas to thermalize photonic devices, or condensed into a superfluid covering the device. This packaging system was tested using a silicon-on-insulator slot waveguide resonator which fills with superfluid 4He below the transition temperature. To optimize the fiber-to-chip optical integration 690 tests were performed by thermally cycling optical fibers bonded to various common photonic chip substrates (silicon, silicon oxide and HSQ) with a range of glues (NOA 61, NOA 68, NOA 88, NOA 86H and superglue). This showed that NOA 86H (a UV curing optical adhesive with a latent heat catalyst) provided the best performance under cryogenic conditions for all the substrates tested. The technique is relevant to superfluid optomechanics experiments, as well as quantum photonics and quantum optomechanics applications.
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen S, Ourari S, Raha M, Phenicie CM, Uysal MT, Thompson JD. Hybrid microwave-optical scanning probe for addressing solid-state spins in nanophotonic cavities. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:4902-4911. [PMID: 33726036 DOI: 10.1364/oe.417528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spin-photon interfaces based on solid-state atomic defects have enabled a variety of key applications in quantum information processing. To maximize the light-matter coupling strength, defects are often placed inside nanoscale devices. Efficiently coupling light and microwave radiation into these structures is an experimental challenge, especially in cryogenic or high vacuum environments with limited sample access. In this work, we demonstrate a fiber-based scanning probe that simultaneously couples light into a planar photonic circuit and delivers high power microwaves for driving electron spin transitions. The optical portion achieves 46% one-way coupling efficiency, while the microwave portion supplies an AC magnetic field with strength up to 9 Gauss at 10 Watts of input microwave power. The entire probe can be scanned across a large number of devices inside a 3He cryostat without free-space optical access. We demonstrate this technique with silicon nanophotonic circuits coupled to single Er3+ ions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Practical and useful quantum information processing requires substantial improvements with respect to current systems, both in the error rates of basic operations and in scale. The fundamental qualities of individual trapped-ion1 qubits are promising for long-term systems2, but the optics involved in their precise control are a barrier to scaling3. Planar-fabricated optics integrated within ion-trap devices can make such systems simultaneously more robust and parallelizable, as suggested by previous work with single ions4. Here we use scalable optics co-fabricated with a surface-electrode ion trap to achieve high-fidelity multi-ion quantum logic gates, which are often the limiting elements in building up the precise, large-scale entanglement that is essential to quantum computation. Light is efficiently delivered to a trap chip in a cryogenic environment via direct fibre coupling on multiple channels, eliminating the need for beam alignment into vacuum systems and cryostats and lending robustness to vibrations and beam-pointing drifts. This allows us to perform ground-state laser cooling of ion motion and to implement gates generating two-ion entangled states with fidelities greater than 99.3(2) per cent. This work demonstrates hardware that reduces noise and drifts in sensitive quantum logic, and simultaneously offers a route to practical parallelization for high-fidelity quantum processors5. Similar devices may also find applications in atom- and ion-based quantum sensing and timekeeping6.
Collapse
|
6
|
Harris GI, Sawadsky A, Sfendla YL, Wasserman WW, Bowen WP, Baker CG. Proposal for a quantum traveling Brillouin resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:22450-22461. [PMID: 32752505 DOI: 10.1364/oe.397478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brillouin systems operating in the quantum regime have recently been identified as a valuable tool for quantum information technologies and fundamental science. However, reaching the quantum regime is extraordinarily challenging, owing to the stringent requirements of combining low thermal occupation with low optical and mechanical dissipation, and large coherent phonon-photon interactions. Here, we propose an on-chip liquid based Brillouin system that is predicted to exhibit large phonon-photon coupling with exceptionally low acoustic dissipation. The system is comprised of a silicon-based "slot" waveguide filled with superfluid helium. This type of waveguide supports optical and acoustical traveling waves, strongly confining both fields into a subwavelength-scale mode volume. It serves as the foundation of an on-chip traveling wave Brillouin resonator with an electrostrictive single photon optomechanical coupling rate exceeding 240 kHz. Such devices may enable applications ranging from ultra-sensitive superfluid-based gyroscopes, to non-reciprocal optical circuits. Furthermore, this platform opens up new possibilities to explore quantum fluid dynamics in a strongly interacting condensate.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ramp H, Clark TJ, Hauer BD, Doolin CD, Balram KC, Srinivasan K, Davis JP. Wavelength transduction from a 3D microwave cavity to telecom using piezoelectric optomechanical crystals. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2020; 116:10.1063/5.0002160. [PMID: 34815582 PMCID: PMC8607442 DOI: 10.1063/5.0002160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-to-optical transduction has received a great deal of interest from the cavity optomechanics community as a landmark application for electro-optomechanical systems. In this Letter, we demonstrate a novel transducer that combines high-frequency mechanical motion and a microwave cavity for the first time. The system consists of a 3D microwave cavity and a gallium arsenide optomechanical crystal, which has been placed in the microwave electric field maximum. This allows the microwave cavity to actuate the gigahertz-frequency mechanical breathing mode in the optomechanical crystal through the piezoelectric effect, which is then read out using a telecom optical mode. The gallium arsenide optomechanical crystal is a good candidate for low-noise microwave-to-telecom transduction, as it has been previously cooled to the mechanical ground state in a dilution refrigerator. Moreover, the 3D microwave cavity architecture can naturally be extended to couple to superconducting qubits and to create hybrid quantum systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Ramp
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - T. J. Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - B. D. Hauer
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - C. D. Doolin
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - K. C. Balram
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - K. Srinivasan
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - J. P. Davis
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|