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Liu X, Zhang Z, Zhou J, Liu W, Zhou G, Lee C. Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Waveguide "Photonic Nose"- Augmented Sensing Platform for VOC Gases in Mid-Infrared. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2400035. [PMID: 38576121 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
On-chip nanophotonic waveguide sensor is a promising solution for miniaturization and label-free detection of gas mixtures utilizing the absorption fingerprints in the mid-infrared (MIR) region. However, the quantitative detection and analysis of organic gas mixtures is still challenging and less reported due to the overlapping of the absorption spectrum. Here,an Artificial-Intelligence (AI) assisted waveguide "Photonic nose" is presented as an augmented sensing platform for gas mixture analysis in MIR. With the subwavelength grating cladding supported waveguide design and the help of machine learning algorithms, the MIR absorption spectrum of the binary organic gas mixture is distinguished from arbitrary mixing ratio and decomposed to the single-component spectra for concentration prediction. As a result, the classification of 93.57% for 19 mixing ratios is realized. In addition, the gas mixture spectrum decomposition and concentration prediction show an average root-mean-square error of 2.44 vol%. The work proves the potential for broader sensing and analytical capabilities of the MIR waveguide platform for multiple organic gas components toward MIR on-chip spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608, Singapore
| | - Jingkai Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608, Singapore
| | - Weixin Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608, Singapore
| | - Guangya Zhou
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117608, Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- NUS Graduate School's Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
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Kong R, Huang J, Liu P, Zhou X. Real-time breath gas analysis of methane using a multipass cell-based near-infrared gas sensor. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:4207-4219. [PMID: 39022553 PMCID: PMC11249674 DOI: 10.1364/boe.528923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrated a near-infrared exhaled breath sensor for real-time methane measurements by using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), which can enable the noninvasive diagnosis of intestinal tract problems. The core component of the near-infrared TDLAS sensor is a two-mirror-based multipass cell with nine-circle patterns. An optical path length of 23.4 m was achieved in a volume of 233.3 cm3, which effectively improved the detection sensitivity and shortened the gas exchange time. The minimum detection limit was 0.37 ppm by applying wavelength modulation spectroscopy, which was 12.4 times greater than that of direct absorption spectroscopy. In addition, combined with wavelength modulation spectroscopy, the two-mirror-based multipass cell enabled sub-second gas exchange time of 0.6 s. Methane breath experiments were conducted with six volunteers, and the real-time measurement results and concentrations at the end of exhalation were analyzed. This study demonstrates that the developed sensor has high sensitivity, high selectivity, and fast response for breath methane measurements and has promising potential for noninvasive, real-time, and point-of-care disease diagnosis in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Kong
- Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University
, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University
, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University
, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University
, Beijing 100875, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiscale Spin Physics (Ministry of Education), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Simultaneous Sensitive Determination of δ13C, δ18O, and δ17O in Human Breath CO 2 Based on ICL Direct Absorption Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22041527. [PMID: 35214432 PMCID: PMC8877011 DOI: 10.3390/s22041527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous research revealed that isotopes 13C and 18O of exhaled CO2 have the potential link with Helicobacter pylori; however, the 17O isotope has received very little attention. We developed a sensitive spectroscopic sensor for simultaneous δ13C, δ18O, and δ17O analysis of human breath CO2 based on mid-infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy with an interband cascade laser (ICL) at 4.33 μm. There was a gas cell with a small volume of less than 5 mL, and the pressure in the gas cell was precisely controlled with a standard deviation of 0.0035 Torr. Moreover, real-time breath sampling and batch operation were achieved in gas inlets. The theoretical drifts for δ13C, δ18O, and δ17O measurement caused by temperature were minimized to 0.017‰, 0.024‰, and 0.021‰, respectively, thanks to the precise temperature control with a standard deviation of 0.0013 °C. After absolute temperature correction, the error between the system responded δ-value and the reference is less than 0.3‰. According to Allan variance analysis, the system precisions for δ13C, δ18O, and δ17O were 0.12‰, 0.18‰, and 0.47‰, respectively, at 1 s integration time, which were close to the real-time measurement errors of six repeated exhalations.
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Liu Y, Wu T, Wu Q, Chen W, Ye C, Wang M, He X. A Laser-Locked Hollow Waveguide Gas Sensor for Simultaneous Measurements of CO 2 Isotopologues with High Accuracy, Precision, and Sensitivity. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15468-15473. [PMID: 34766749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A laser frequency-locked hollow waveguide (HWG) gas sensor is demonstrated for simultaneous measurements of three isotopologues (12CO2, 13CO2, and 18OC16O) using wavelength modulation spectroscopy with a 2.73 μm distributed feedback laser. The first harmonic (1f) signal at the sampling point where the peak of the second harmonic (2f) signal was located was employed as the locking point to lock the laser frequency to the transition center of 13CO2, while the absorption lines of 12CO2 and 18OC16O were being scanned. Continuous measurements of the three isotopologues of 4.7% CO2 samples over 103 min under free running and frequency locking conditions were performed. The measurement accuracy and precision of the three isotopologues achieved under the frequency locking condition were at least 3 times and 1.3 times better than those obtained under the free running condition, respectively. The Allan variance plot of the developed laser-locked HWG gas sensor shows a detection limit of 0.72‰ for both δ13C and δ18O under the frequency locking condition with a long stability time of 766 s. This study demonstrated the high potential of a novel human breath diagnostic sensor for medical diagnostic with high accuracy, precision, and sensitivity and without frequently repeated calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Weidong Chen
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 189A, Av. Maurice Schumann, Dunkerque 59140, France
| | - Chenwen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Mengyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xingdao He
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
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Siciliani de Cumis M, Eramo R, Jiang J, Fermann ME, Cancio Pastor P. Direct Comb Vernier Spectroscopy for Fractional Isotopic Ratio Determinations. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21175883. [PMID: 34502774 PMCID: PMC8433986 DOI: 10.3390/s21175883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurate isotopic composition analysis of the greenhouse-gasses emitted in the atmosphere is an important step to mitigate global climate warnings. Optical frequency comb-based spectroscopic techniques have shown ideal performance to accomplish the simultaneous monitoring of the different isotope substituted species of such gases. The capabilities of one such technique, namely, direct comb Vernier spectroscopy, to determine the fractional isotopic ratio composition are discussed. This technique combines interferometric filtering of the comb source in a Fabry-Perot that contains the sample gas, with a high resolution dispersion spectrometer to resolve the spectral content of each interacting frequency inside of the Fabry-Perot. Following this methodology, simultaneous spectra of ro-vibrational transitions of 12C16O2 and 13C16O2 molecules are recorded and analyzed with an accurate fitting procedure. Fractional isotopic ratio 13C/12C at 3% of precision is measured for a sample of CO2 gas, showing the potentialities of the technique for all isotopic-related applications of this important pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Siciliani de Cumis
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Contrada Terlecchia SNC, 75100 Matera, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, INO-CNR, Via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (R.E.); (P.C.P.)
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0835 377553
| | - Roberto Eramo
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, INO-CNR, Via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (R.E.); (P.C.P.)
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Jie Jiang
- IMRA America, Inc., 1044 Woodridge Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (J.J.); (M.E.F.)
| | - Martin E. Fermann
- IMRA America, Inc., 1044 Woodridge Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (J.J.); (M.E.F.)
| | - Pablo Cancio Pastor
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, INO-CNR, Via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (R.E.); (P.C.P.)
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Fjodorow P, Frolov MP, Korostelin YV, Kozlovsky VI, Schulz C, Leonov SO, Skasyrsky YK. Room-temperature Fe:ZnSe laser tunable in the spectral range of 3.7-5.3 µm applied for intracavity absorption spectroscopy of CO 2 isotopes, CO and N 2O. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:12033-12048. [PMID: 33984972 DOI: 10.1364/oe.422926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an intracavity absorption spectroscopy system based on a broadband single-crystal pulsed Fe:ZnSe laser. The laser operates at room-temperature and is continuously tunable in the spectral range of 3.76-5.29 µm. The long-wavelength emission up to 5.29 µm is a record achievement for Fe:ZnSe lasers, to the best of our knowledge. The developed laser system is applied for measurements of gaseous absorption inside the laser resonator. We demonstrate sensitive detection of (i) CO2 isotopes in the atmosphere and in human breath, (ii) CO in breath (after cigarette smoking) and in the smoke of a smoldering paper, and (iii) N2O in a gas flow. The achieved detection limits are: 0.1 ppm for 12CO2 and 13CO2, 3 ppm for CO, and 1 ppm for N2O. The sensitivity of the current system is primarily limited by the short pump-pulse duration of 40 ns. Possibilities for sensitivity enhancement by up to a factor of 107 are discussed.
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Zhou T, Wu T, Wu Q, Chen W, Wu M, Ye C, He X. Real-Time Monitoring of 13C- and 18O-Isotopes of Human Breath CO 2 Using a Mid-Infrared Hollow Waveguide Gas Sensor. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12943-12949. [PMID: 32864957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Real-time measuring of CO2 isotopes (13CO2, 12CO2, and 18OC16O) in exhaled breath using a mid-infrared hollow waveguide gas sensor incorporating a 2.73 μm distributed feedback laser was proposed and demonstrated for the first time based on calibration-free wavelength modulation spectroscopy. The measurement precisions for δ13C and δ18O were, respectively, 0.26 and 0.57‰ for an integration time of 131 s by Allan variance analysis. These measurement precisions achieved in the present work were at least 3.5 times better than those reported using direct absorption spectroscopy and 1.3 times better than those obtained by calibration-needed wavelength modulation absorption spectroscopy. Continuous measurement of three isotopes in the breathing cycle was performed. Alveolar gas from the expirogram was identified, and the 13C/12C and 18O/16O ratios were found to be almost constant during the alveolar plateau, which enables optimization of breath sampling and provides accurate information on metabolic processes. The 13C/12C and 18O/16O isotope ratios at the alveolar plateau of five breath cycles were averaged, yielding δ13C and δ18O values of (-24.3 ± 3.4) and (-30.7 ± 2.6) ‰, respectively. This study demonstrates the feasibility of real-time analysis of 13C- and 18O-isotopes of human breath CO2 in clinical applications and shows its potential for diagnosing respiratory-related diseases with high sensitivity, selectivity, and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.,Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale 189A, Av. Maurice Schumann, Dunkerque 59140, France
| | - Mingwei Wu
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1333 Xinhu Rd, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Chenwen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xingdao He
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
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Nikodem M. Laser-Based Trace Gas Detection inside Hollow-Core Fibers: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3983. [PMID: 32916799 PMCID: PMC7557433 DOI: 10.3390/ma13183983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to the guidance of an optical wave in air, hollow-core fibers may serve as sampling cells in an optical spectroscopic system. This paper reviews applications of hollow-core optical fibers to laser-based gas sensing. Three types of hollow-core fibers are discussed: Hollow capillary waveguides, photonic band-gap fibers, and negative curvature fibers. Their advantages and drawbacks when used for laser-based trace gas detection are analyzed. Various examples of experimental sensing systems demonstrated in the literature over the past 20 years are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Nikodem
- Department of Optics and Photonics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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