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Nurrohman DT, Chiu NF, Hsiao YS, Lai YJ, Nanda HS. Advances in Nanoplasmonic Biosensors: Optimizing Performance for Exosome Detection Applications. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:307. [PMID: 38920611 PMCID: PMC11201745 DOI: 10.3390/bios14060307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The development of sensitive and specific exosome detection tools is essential because they are believed to provide specific information that is important for early detection, screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of cancer. Among the many detection tools, surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors are analytical devices that offer advantages in sensitivity and detection speed, thereby making the sample-analysis process faster and more accurate. In addition, the penetration depth of the SPR biosensor, which is <300 nm, is comparable to the size of the exosome, making the SPR biosensor ideal for use in exosome research. On the other hand, another type of nanoplasmonic sensor, namely a localized surface-plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensor, has a shorter penetration depth of around 6 nm. Structural optimization through the addition of supporting layers and gap control between particles is needed to strengthen the surface-plasmon field. This paper summarizes the progress of the development of SPR and LSPR biosensors for detecting exosomes. Techniques in signal amplification from two sensors will be discussed. There are three main parts to this paper. The first two parts will focus on reviewing the working principles of each sensor and introducing several methods that can be used to isolate exosomes. This article will close by explaining the various sensor systems that have been developed and the optimizations carried out to obtain sensors with better performance. To illustrate the performance improvements in each sensor system discussed, the parameters highlighted include the detection limit, dynamic range, and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Taufiq Nurrohman
- Laboratory of Nano-Photonics and Biosensors, Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;
| | - Nan-Fu Chiu
- Laboratory of Nano-Photonics and Biosensors, Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Sheng Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Sec. 4, Keelung Road, Da-an District, Taipei 10607, Taiwan;
| | - Yun-Ju Lai
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;
| | - Himansu Sekhar Nanda
- Biomedical Engineering and Technology Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Discipline, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing, Jabalpur 482005, India;
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Niu Z, Du H, Ma L, Zhou J, Yuan Z, Sun R, Liu G, Zhang F, Zeng Y. Wavelength Division Multiplexing-Based High-Sensitivity Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging Biosensor for High-Throughput Real-Time Molecular Interaction Analysis. Molecules 2024; 29:2811. [PMID: 38930876 PMCID: PMC11206673 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the successful development of a novel high-sensitivity intensity-based Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging (SPRi) biosensor and its application for detecting molecular interactions. By optimizing the excitation wavelength and employing a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) algorithm, the system can determine the optimal excitation wavelength based on the initial refractive index of the sample without adjusting the incidence angle. The experimental results demonstrate that the refractive index resolution of the system reaches 1.77×10-6 RIU. Moreover, it can obtain the optimal excitation wavelength for samples with an initial refractive index in the range of 1.333 to 1.370 RIU and accurately monitor variations within the range of 0.0037 RIU without adjusting the incidence angle. Additionally, our new SPRi technique realized real-time detection of high-throughput biomolecular binding processes, enabling analysis of kinetic parameters. This research is expected to advance the development of more accurate SPRi technologies for molecular interaction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxiao Niu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.N.); (H.D.); (L.M.); (G.L.); (F.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Physics and System Integration Applications, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hao Du
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.N.); (H.D.); (L.M.); (G.L.); (F.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Physics and System Integration Applications, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.N.); (H.D.); (L.M.); (G.L.); (F.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Physics and System Integration Applications, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan 430065, China;
- Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Zhengqiang Yuan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.Y.); (R.S.)
| | - Ronghui Sun
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.Y.); (R.S.)
| | - Guanyu Liu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.N.); (H.D.); (L.M.); (G.L.); (F.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Physics and System Integration Applications, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fangteng Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.N.); (H.D.); (L.M.); (G.L.); (F.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Physics and System Integration Applications, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Youjun Zeng
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.N.); (H.D.); (L.M.); (G.L.); (F.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Physics and System Integration Applications, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Zeng Y, Kai D, Niu Z, Nie Z, Wang Y, Shao Y, Ma L, Zhang F, Liu G, Chen J. Coffee Ring Effect Enhanced Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging Biosensor via 2-λ Fitting Detection Method. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:195. [PMID: 38667188 PMCID: PMC11047821 DOI: 10.3390/bios14040195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
SPR biosensors have been extensively used for investigating protein-protein interactions. However, in conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, detection is limited by the Brownian-motion-governed diffusion process of sample molecules in the sensor chip, which makes it challenging to detect biomolecule interactions at ultra-low concentrations. Here, we propose a highly sensitive SPR imaging biosensor which exploits the coffee ring effect (CRE) for in situ enrichment of molecules on the sensing surface. In addition, we designed a wavelength modulation system utilizing two LEDs to reduce the system cost and enhance the detection speed. Furthermore, a detection limit of 213 fM is achieved, which amounts to an approximately 365 times improvement compared to traditional SPR biosensors. With further development, we believe that this SPR imaging system with high sensitivity, less sample consumption, and faster detection speed can be readily applied to ultra-low-concentration molecular detection and interaction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Zeng
- School of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (D.K.); (Z.N.); (Z.N.); (L.M.); (F.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Dongyun Kai
- School of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (D.K.); (Z.N.); (Z.N.); (L.M.); (F.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Zhenxiao Niu
- School of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (D.K.); (Z.N.); (Z.N.); (L.M.); (F.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Zhaogang Nie
- School of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (D.K.); (Z.N.); (Z.N.); (L.M.); (F.Z.); (G.L.)
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Yuye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Y.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yonghong Shao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Y.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (D.K.); (Z.N.); (Z.N.); (L.M.); (F.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Fangteng Zhang
- School of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (D.K.); (Z.N.); (Z.N.); (L.M.); (F.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Guanyu Liu
- School of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (D.K.); (Z.N.); (Z.N.); (L.M.); (F.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Jiajie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Y.W.); (Y.S.)
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Huang WL, Liao WH, Chu SY. Application of a Perovskite NIR-LED with Highly Stable FAPbI 3@SiO 2 Core-Shell Nanocomposites in a SPR Sensing Platform. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:41151-41161. [PMID: 37596967 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for detection and diagnostic methods has consistently risen due to the aging of the population and the increase in the number of patients with chronic diseases. Label-free biomedical detection techniques have emerged as indispensable instruments for diagnosing a variety of diseases. The development of label-free and highly sensitive near-infrared (NIR) biomedical detection technology has attracted considerable attention. As a label-free, swift, and cost-effective analytical technique, it has demonstrated immense potential for a wide range of applications. We successfully assembled FAPbI3 near-infrared perovskite quantum dots (NIPQDs) into SiO2 shells using a rapid room-temperature atmospheric synthesis method, obtaining monodisperse FAPbI3@SiO2 nanocomposites (NCs) with a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 72%. Additionally, the incorporation of hydrophobic multi-branched trioctylphosphine oxide effectively passivated the surface defects of FAPbI3 NIPQDs and suppressed the hydrolysis rate of tetraethoxysilane, enabling the formation of a highly stable and high PLQY nanoscale-particle level within the FAPbI3@SiO2 core-shell structure. Notably, we successfully incorporated FAPbI3@SiO2 core-shell NCs onto InGaN blue chip as NIR excitation light sources for surface plasmon resonance sensing platforms, providing a novel platform for bioanalytical detection. With a detection sensitivity of 6302.5 nm/RIU, the system demonstrated high sensitivity, stability, and dependability. This achievement expands the biomedical research field's capacity for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hsuan Liao
- Center for Micro/Nano Science and Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Program on Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yuan Chu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Center for Micro/Nano Science and Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Kashyap R, Boro PR, Yasmin R, Nath J, Sonowal D, Doley R, Mondal B. Multiple protein-patterned surface plasmon resonance biochip for the detection of human immunoglobulin-G. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202200263. [PMID: 36683194 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A portable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurement prototype integrated with a multiple protein-patterned SPR biochip is introduced for label-free and selective detection of human immunoglobulin-G (H-IgG). The polyclonal anti-H-IgG antibodies derived from goat, rabbit, and mouse were immobilized through polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels to fabricate the patterned SPR biochip. The PDMS surface was functionalized using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and bonded to carbodiimide-activated gold substrates to construct irreversibly bonded hydrophilic microfluidic chip at room temperature. For SPR measurement, a custom-made system is developed with a high angular scanning accuracy of 0.005° and a wide scanning range of 30°-80° that avoids the conventional requirement of expensive goniometric stages and detector arrays. The SPR biochip immobilized with 750 μg/mL goat anti-H-IgG demonstrated detection of H-IgG with a detection limits of 15 μg/mL, and linear response through a wide concentration range (15-225 μg/mL) of high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.99661). The selectivity of the sensor was investigated by exposing them to two different non-specific targets (bovine serum albumin and polyvalent antivenom). The results indicate negligible sensor response towards nonspecific targets (0.25° for 30 μg/mL bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 0.25° for 30 μg/mL polyvalent antivenom) in comparison to H-IgG (1.5° for 30 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritayan Kashyap
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Pearleshwari Rani Boro
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Rafika Yasmin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Jugabrat Nath
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Durlav Sonowal
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Robin Doley
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Biplob Mondal
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
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Recent advances in surface plasmon resonance imaging and biological applications. Talanta 2023; 255:124213. [PMID: 36584617 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging (SPRI) is a robust technique for visualizing refractive index changes, which enables researchers to observe interactions between nanoscale objects in an imaging manner. In the past period, scholars have been attracted by the Prism-Coupled and Non-prism Coupled configurations of SPRI and have published numerous experimental results. This review describes the principle of SPRI and discusses recent developments in Prism-Coupled and Non-prism Coupled SPRI techniques in detail, respectively. And then, major advances in biological applications of SPRI are reviewed, including four sub-fields (cells, viruses, bacteria, exosomes, and biomolecules). The purpose is to briefly summarize the recent advances of SPRI and provide an outlook on the development of SPRI in various fields.
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Kim S, Ryu JH, Yang H, Han K, Kim H, Cho K, Park S, Hong SG, Lee K. Spectrometer-based wavelength interrogation SPR imaging via Hadamard transform. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:992-995. [PMID: 36790997 DOI: 10.1364/ol.481232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present spectrometer-based wavelength interrogation surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) without mechanical scanning. A polarized broadband light source illuminates an object via a gold-coated prism; the reflected light is spatially modulated by a digital mirror device (DMD) and then measured with a spectrometer. Reflectance spectral images are reconstructed via the Hadamard transform (HT), and a refractive index (RI) map is visualized from the reflectance spectral images by analyzing the resonance peak shift of the spectrum at each image pixel. We demonstrate the feasibility of our method by evaluating the resolution, sensitivity, and dynamic detection range, experimentally obtained as ∼2.203 × 10-6 RI unit (RIU), ∼3,407 nm/RIU, and ∼0.1403 RIU, respectively. Furthermore, simulations are performed to validate the experimental results.
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Hossain MM, Talukder MA. Graphene surface plasmon sensor for ultra-low-level SARS-CoV-2 detection. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284812. [PMID: 37098037 PMCID: PMC10128942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Precisely detecting the ultra-low-level severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is crucial. The detection mechanism must be sensitive, low-cost, portable, fast, and easy to operate to tackle coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). This work proposes a sensor exploiting graphene surface plasmon resonance to detect SARS-CoV-2. The graphene layer functionalized with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) antibodies will help efficient adsorption of the SARS-CoV-2. In addition to the graphene layer, ultra-thin layers of novel two-dimensional materials tungsten disulfide (WS2), potassium niobate (KNbO3), and black phosphorus (BP) or blue phosphorus (BlueP) used in the proposed sensor will increase the light absorption to detect an ultra-low SARS-CoV-2 concentration. The analysis presented in this work shows that the proposed sensor will detect SARS-CoV-2 as small as ∼1 fM. The proposed sensor also offers a minimum sensitivity of 201 degrees/RIU, a figure-of-merit of 140 RIU-1, and enhanced binding kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 to the sensor surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahbub Hossain
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Anisuzzaman Talukder
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Li L, Li Y, Zong X, Zhao L, Li P, Yu K, Liu Y. Wedged Fiber Optic Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor for High-Sensitivity Refractive Index and Temperature Measurements. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9099. [PMID: 36501796 PMCID: PMC9739012 DOI: 10.3390/s22239099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Here, we experimentally demonstrate a wedged fiber optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor enabling high-sensitivity temperature detection. The sensing probe has a geometry with two asymmetrical bevels, with one inclined surface coated with an optically thin film supporting propagating plasmons and the other coated with a reflecting metal film. The angle of incident light can be readily tuned through modifying the beveled angles of the fiber tip, which has a remarkable impact on the refractive index sensitivity of SPR sensors. As a result, we measure a high refractive index sensitivity as large as 8161 nm/RIU in a wide refractive index range of 1.333-1.404 for the optimized sensor. Furthermore, we carry out a temperature-sensitivity measurement by packaging the SPR probe into a capillary filled with n-butanol. This showed a temperature sensitivity reaching up to -3.35 nm/°C in a wide temperature range of 20 °C-100 °C. These experimental results are well in agreement with those obtained from simulations, thus suggesting that our work may be of significance in designing reflective fiber optic SPR sensing probes with modified geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yufang Liu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0373-3329297
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Wei Y, Ren Z, Liu C, Jiang T, Wang R, Shi C, Liu C. All-fiber biological detection microfluidic chip based on space division and wavelength division multiplexing technologies. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4501-4510. [PMID: 36305279 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00681b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To further reduce the size of a microfluidic detection chip and the sample consumption and to shorten the chip manufacturing cycle, an all-fiber SPR detection multichannel microfluidic chip was proposed and demonstrated in this paper. The microfluidic channel of the proposed chip was provided by the air channel of a double side-hole fiber, the detection unit was fabricated using a dumbbell fiber with a fiber core exposed to air, and the sensing probe was composed and packaged by fiber micro-processing technology. The internal double channels of the fiber constructed from double side-hole and dumbbell fibers can realize dual channel detection based on space division multiplexing. 30 nm silver and 50 nm gold films were respectively coated on the left and right sides of the dumbbell fiber, which can realize the dual channel simultaneous detection based on wavelength division multiplexing. We employed the proposed microfluidic chip to detect immunoglobulin G and dopamine molecules, where the average sensitivity is 0.252 nm (mg mL-1)-1 and 0.061 nm (μg mL-1)-1, and the LOD is 0.397 mg mL-1 and 1.639 μg mL-1, respectively. The microfluidic channel and detection unit of all-fiber multi-channel SPR detection microfluidic chip are provided by a soft and flexible fiber, which is compact in structure, flexible in fabrication and short in manufacturing cycle, making it possible for the microfluidic chip to enter the human body for detection and enabling a new approach for the fabrication of wearable detection microfluidic devices. This provides a new idea for the development of microfluidic chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wei
- College of Electronic & Information Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China.
| | - Zhuo Ren
- College of Electronic & Information Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China.
| | - Chunlan Liu
- College of Electronic & Information Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China.
| | - Tianci Jiang
- College of Electronic & Information Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Electronic & Information Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China.
| | - Chen Shi
- College of Electronic & Information Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China.
| | - Chunbiao Liu
- College of Electronic & Information Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China.
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