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Lu Y, Zhao T, Zhu W, Liu L, Zhuang X, Fang G, Zhang X. Recent Progress of Atomic Magnetometers for Geomagnetic Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115318. [PMID: 37300044 DOI: 10.3390/s23115318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The atomic magnetometer is currently one of the most-sensitive sensors and plays an important role in applications for detecting weak magnetic fields. This review reports the recent progress of total-field atomic magnetometers that are one important ramification of such magnetometers, which can reach the technical level for engineering applications. The alkali-metal magnetometers, helium magnetometers, and coherent population-trapping magnetometers are included in this review. Besides, the technology trend of atomic magnetometers was analyzed for the purpose of providing a certain reference for developing the technologies in such magnetometers and for exploring their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuantian Lu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Dengzhuang South Road, Beijing 100094, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tian Zhao
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Dengzhuang South Road, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Wanhua Zhu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Dengzhuang South Road, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Leisong Liu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Dengzhuang South Road, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xin Zhuang
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Dengzhuang South Road, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Guangyou Fang
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Dengzhuang South Road, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Dengzhuang South Road, Beijing 100094, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Xiao W, Sun C, Shen L, Feng Y, Liu M, Wu Y, Liu X, Wu T, Peng X, Guo H. A movable unshielded magnetocardiography system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg1746. [PMID: 36989361 PMCID: PMC10058232 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Magnetocardiography (MCG), which uses high-sensitivity magnetometers to record magnetic field signals generated by electrical activity in the heart, is a noninvasive method for evaluating heart diseases such as arrhythmia and ischemia. The MCG measurements usually require the participant keeping still in a magnetically shielded room due to the immovable sensor and noisy external environments. These requirements limit MCG applications, such as exercise MCG tests and long-term MCG observations, which are useful for early detections of heart diseases. Here, we introduce a movable MCG system that can clearly record MCG signals of freely behaving participants in an unshielded environment. On the basis of optically pumped magnetometers with a sensitivity of 140 fT/Hz1/2, we successfully demonstrated the resting MCG and the exercise MCG tests. Our method is promising to realize a practical movable multichannel unshielded MCG system that nearly sets no limits to participants and brings another kind of insight into the medical diagnosis of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yulong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yulong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Teng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Sixt T, Guan J, Tsoukala A, Hofsäss S, Muthu-Arachchige T, Stienkemeier F, Dulitz K. Preparation of individual magnetic sub-levels of 4He(2 3S 1) in a supersonic beam using laser optical pumping and magnetic hexapole focusing. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:073203. [PMID: 34340447 DOI: 10.1063/5.0048323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We compare two different experimental techniques for the magnetic-sub-level preparation of metastable 4He in the 23S1 level in a supersonic beam, namely, magnetic hexapole focusing and optical pumping by laser radiation. At a beam velocity of v = 830 m/s, we deduce from a comparison with a particle trajectory simulation that up to 99% of the metastable atoms are in the MJ″ = +1 sub-level after magnetic hexapole focusing. Using laser optical pumping via the 23P2-23S1 transition, we achieve a maximum efficiency of 94% ± 3% for the population of the MJ″ = +1 sub-level. For the first time, we show that laser optical pumping via the 23P1-23S1 transition can be used to selectively populate each of the three MJ″ sub-levels (MJ″ = -1, 0, +1). We also find that laser optical pumping leads to higher absolute atom numbers in specific MJ″ sub-levels than magnetic hexapole focusing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sixt
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jiwen Guan
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Tsoukala
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Hofsäss
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Frank Stienkemeier
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Dulitz
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Frequency Response of Optically Pumped Magnetometer with Nonlinear Zeeman Effect. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10207031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Optically pumped alkali atomic magnetometers based on measuring the Zeeman shifts of the atomic energy levels are widely used in many applications because of their low noise and cryogen-free operation. When alkali atomic magnetometers are operated in an unshielded geomagnetic environment, the nonlinear Zeeman effect may become non-negligible at high latitude and the Zeeman shifts are thus not linear to the strength of the magnetic field. The nonlinear Zeeman effect causes broadening and partial splitting of the magnetic resonant levels, and thus degrades the sensitivity of the alkali atomic magnetometers and causes heading error. In this work, we find that the nonlinear Zeeman effect also influences the frequency response of the alkali atomic magnetometer. We develop a model to quantitatively depict the frequency response of the alkali atomic magnetometer when the nonlinear Zeeman effect is non-negligible and verify the results experimentally in an amplitude-modulated Bell–Bloom cesium magnetometer. The proposed model provides general guidance on analyzing the frequency response of the alkali atomic magnetometer operating in the Earth’s magnetic field. Full and precise knowledge of the frequency response of the atomic magnetometer is important for the optimization of feedback control systems such as the closed-loop magnetometers and the active magnetic field stabilization with magnetometers. This work is thus important for the application of alkali atomic magnetometers in an unshielded geomagnetic environment.
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