Single-shot reconstruction of the density profile of a dense atomic gas

Measurement of the Canonical Equation of State of a Weakly Interacting 3D Bose Gas

Using a multiple-image reconstruction method applied to a harmonically trapped Bose gas, we determine the equation of state of uniform matter across the critical transition point, within the local density approximation. Our experimental results provide the canonical description of pressure as a function of the specific volume, emphasizing the dramatic deviations from the ideal Bose gas behavior caused by interactions. They also provide clear evidence for the nonmonotonic behavior with temperature of the chemical potential, which is a consequence of superfluidity and Bose-Einstein condensation. The measured thermodynamic quantities are compared to mean-field predictions available for the interacting Bose gas. The limits of applicability of the local density approximation near the critical point are also discussed, focusing on the behavior of the isothermal compressibility.