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Ju R, Cao PC, Wang D, Qi M, Xu L, Yang S, Qiu CW, Chen H, Li Y. Nonreciprocal Heat Circulation Metadevices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309835. [PMID: 38010625 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Thermal nonreciprocity typically stems from nonlinearity or spatiotemporal variation of parameters. However, constrained by the inherent temperature-dependent properties and the law of mass conservation, previous works have been compelled to treat dynamic and steady-state cases separately. Here, by establishing a unified thermal scattering theory, the creation of a convection-based thermal metadevice which supports both dynamic and steady-state nonreciprocal heat circulation is reported. The nontrivial dependence between the nonreciprocal resonance peaks and the dynamic parameters is observed and the unique nonreciprocal mechanism of multiple scattering is revealed at steady state. This mechanism enables thermal nonreciprocity in the initially quasi-symmetric scattering matrix of the three-port metadevice and has been experimentally validated with a significant isolation ratio of heat fluxes. The findings establish a framework for thermal nonreciprocity that can be smoothly modulated for dynamic and steady-state heat signals, it may also offer insight into other heat-transfer-related problems or even other fields such as acoustics and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ju
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Pei-Chao Cao
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Minghong Qi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Liujun Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuihua Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Ying Li
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
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Ju R, Xu G, Xu L, Qi M, Wang D, Cao PC, Xi R, Shou Y, Chen H, Qiu CW, Li Y. Convective Thermal Metamaterials: Exploring High-Efficiency, Directional, and Wave-Like Heat Transfer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209123. [PMID: 36621882 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Convective thermal metamaterials are artificial structures where convection dominates in the thermal process. Due to the field coupling between velocity and temperature, convection provides a new knob for controlling heat transfer beyond pure conduction, thus allowing active and robust thermal modulations. With the introduced convective effects, the original parabolic Fourier heat equation for pure conduction can be transformed to hyperbolic. Therefore, the hybrid diffusive system can be interpreted in a wave-like fashion, reviving many wave phenomena in dissipative diffusion. Here, recent advancements in convective thermal metamaterials are reviewed and the state-of-the-art discoveries are classified into the following four aspects, enhancing heat transfer, porous-media-based thermal effects, nonreciprocal heat transfer, and non-Hermitian phenomena. Finally, a prospect is cast on convective thermal metamaterials from two aspects. One is to utilize the convective parameter space to explore topological thermal effects. The other is to further broaden the convective parameter space with spatiotemporal modulation and multi-physical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ju
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Liujun Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Minghong Qi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Pei-Chao Cao
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Rui Xi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Yifan Shou
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Ying Li
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
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Convertible Thermal Meta-Structures via Hybrid Manufacturing of Stereolithography Apparatus 3D Printing and Surface Metallization for Thermal Flow Manipulation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010174. [PMID: 36616524 PMCID: PMC9824813 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For manipulating heat flow according to human desire, thermal metamaterial structures (meta-structures) have attracted growing interest. Based on the transformation thermotics and the effective medium approximation theory, we designed and fabricated a convertible thermal meta-structural device to demonstrate that multiple different heat-flow manipulations could be conducted using a single thermal meta-structural device. The convertible meta-structures were designed by discretizing a two-dimensional plane and separating multiple square unit modules with stripe-shaped dissimilar materials of the Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and solid resin with surface metallized copper (Cu). The convertible thermal meta-structure device with a relatively high geometric accuracy was fabricated via a proposed hybrid manufacturing path of "Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA) 3D printing-electroless plating-electroplating-thermally insulated packaging". The thermal manipulation features were numerically simulated and preliminarily verified by experimental testing. Using multiple dispersed square unit modules to replace an annular region of the thermal meta-structure exhibited different thermal flow functions, including thermal cloak, thermal concentration, thermal rotation, and thermal dispersion, through the unique geometric design of the heat-flow transfer direction within each module. By rotating each square unit module at a specific angle and arranging the modules, similar to a "jigsaw puzzle", the convertibility among different thermal manipulation functions was achieved. This path is anticipated to provide a new strategy for multifunctional meta-structures in thermo-physics and its potential engineering applications.
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Li J, Zhang Z, Xu G, Sun H, Dai L, Li T, Qiu CW. Tunable Rectification of Diffusion-Wave Fields by Spatiotemporal Metamaterials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:256601. [PMID: 36608240 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.256601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The diffusion process is the basis of many branches of science and engineering, and generally obeys reciprocity between two ports of a linear time-invariant medium. Recent research on classical wave dynamics has explored the spatiotemporal modulation to exhibit preferred directions in photons and plasmons. Here we report a distinct rectification effect on diffusion-wave fields by modulating the conductivity and observe nonreciprocal transport of charges. We experimentally create a spatiotemporal diffusion metamaterial, in which a mode transition to zero frequency is realized. A direct current component thereby emerges, showcasing a biased effect on the charge diffusion when the incident fundamental frequency is a multiple of the system modulation frequency. These results may find applications spanning a plethora of diffusive fields in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Zhanxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Haoran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lizhou Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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Heat transfer control using a thermal analogue of coherent perfect absorption. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2683. [PMID: 35562335 PMCID: PMC9106689 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations on non-Hermitian physics have unlocked new possibilities to manipulate wave scattering on lossy materials. Coherent perfect absorption is such an effect that enables all-light control by incorporating a suitable amount of loss. On the other hand, controlling heat transfer with heat may empower a distinct paradigm other than using thermal metamaterials. However, since heat neither propagates nor carries any momentum, almost all concepts in wave scattering are ill-defined for steady-state heat diffusion, making it formidable to understand or utilize any coherent effect. Here, we establish a scattering theory for heat diffusion by introducing an imitated momentum for thermal fields. The thermal analogue of coherent perfect absorption is thus predicted and demonstrated as the perfect absorption of exergy fluxes and undisturbed temperature fields. Unlike its photonic counterpart, thermal coherent perfect absorption can be realized for regular thermal materials, and be generalized for various objects. A thermal analogue of coherent perfect absorption would allow to control heat transfer using heat, but the lack of momentum propagation in a thermal field seems to prevent any role for coherence. Here, the authors allow this by introducing an imitated momentum for steady-state heat diffusion.
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Reciprocity of thermal diffusion in time-modulated systems. Nat Commun 2022; 13:167. [PMID: 35013296 PMCID: PMC8748696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The reciprocity principle governs the symmetry in transmission of electromagnetic and acoustic waves, as well as the diffusion of heat between two points in space, with important consequences for thermal management and energy harvesting. There has been significant recent interest in materials with time-modulated properties, which have been shown to efficiently break reciprocity for light, sound, and even charge diffusion. However, time modulation may not be a plausible approach to break thermal reciprocity, in contrast to the usual perception. We establish a theoretical framework to accurately describe the behavior of diffusive processes under time modulation, and prove that thermal reciprocity in dynamic materials is generally preserved by the continuity equation, unless some external bias or special material is considered. We then experimentally demonstrate reciprocal heat transfer in a time-modulated device. Our findings correct previous misconceptions regarding reciprocity breaking for thermal diffusion, revealing the generality of symmetry constraints in heat transfer, and clarifying its differences from other transport processes in what concerns the principles of reciprocity and microscopic reversibility.
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Su Y, Li Y, Yang T, Han T, Sun Y, Xiong J, Wu L, Qiu CW. Path-Dependent Thermal Metadevice beyond Janus Functionalities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003084. [PMID: 33306245 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Janus metamaterials, metasurfaces, and monolayers have received intensive attention in nanophotonics and 2D materials. Their core concept is to introduce asymmetry along the wave propagation direction, by stacking different materials or layers of meta-atoms, or breaking out-of-plane mirror asymmetry with external biases. Nevertheless, it has been hitherto elusive to realize a diffusive Janus metadevice, since scalar diffusion systems such as heat conduction normally operate in the absence of polarization control, spin manipulation, or electric-field stimuli, which all are widely used in achieving optical Janus devices. It is even more challenging, if not impossible, for a single diffusive metadevice to exhibit more than two thermal functions. Here a path-dependent thermal metadevice beyond Janus characteristics is proposed, which can exhibit three distinct thermal behaviors (cloaking, concentrating, and transparency) under different directions of heat flow. The rotation transformation mechanism of thermal conductivity provides a robust platform to assign a specific thermal behavior in any direction. The proof-of-concept experiment of anisotropic in-plane conduction successfully validates such a path-dependent trifunction thermal metamaterial device. It is anticipated that this path-dependent strategy can provide a new dimension for multifunctional metamaterial devices in the thermal field, as well as for a more general diffusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Su
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ying Li
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Tiancheng Han
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yuguo Sun
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jian Xiong
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Linzhi Wu
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
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Abstract
Thermal metamaterials have amazing properties in heat transfer beyond naturally occurring materials owing to their well-designed artificial structures. The idea of thermal metamaterial has completely subverted the design of thermal functional devices and makes it possible to manipulate heat flow at will. In this perspective, we review the up-to-date progress of thermal metamaterials starting from 2008. We focus on both the key theoretical fundamentals and techniques for applications and give a perspective of scale-based classification on thermal metamaterials' theories and applications. We also discuss the junction between macroscale and microscale design methods and propose some prospects for the future trend of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Gaole Dai
- School of Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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