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Wei H, Chen C, Yang D. Applications of inverse opal photonic crystal hydrogels in the preparation of acid-base color-changing materials. RSC Adv 2024; 14:2243-2263. [PMID: 38213963 PMCID: PMC10777361 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07465j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are three-dimensional (3D) crosslinked network hydrophilic polymers that have structures similar to that of biological protein tissue and can quickly absorb a large amount of water. Opal photonic crystals (OPCs) are a kind of photonic band gap material formed by the periodic arrangement of 3D media, and inverse opal photonic crystals (IOPCs) are their inverse structure. Inverse opal photonic crystal hydrogels (IOPCHs) can produce corresponding visual color responses to a change in acid or alkali in an external humid environment, which has wide applications in chemical sensing, anti-counterfeiting, medical detection, intelligent display, and other fields, and the field has developed rapidly in recent years. In this paper, the research progress on fast acid-base response IOPCHs (pH-IOPCHs) is comprehensively described from the perspective of material synthesis. The technical bottleneck of enhancing the performance of acid-base-responsive IOPCHs and the current practical application limitations are summarized, and the development prospects of acid-base-responsive IOPCHs are described. These comprehensive analyses are expected to provide new ideas for solving problems in the preparation and application of pH-IOPCHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Wei
- Research Institute for National Defense Engineering of Academy of Military Science, PLA Luoyang 471023 China +086-18761686837
- Henan Key Laboratory of Special Protective Materials Luoyang 471023 China
| | - Changbing Chen
- Research Institute for National Defense Engineering of Academy of Military Science, PLA Luoyang 471023 China +086-18761686837
- Henan Key Laboratory of Special Protective Materials Luoyang 471023 China
| | - Dafeng Yang
- Research Institute for National Defense Engineering of Academy of Military Science, PLA Luoyang 471023 China +086-18761686837
- Henan Key Laboratory of Special Protective Materials Luoyang 471023 China
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Noman AA, Dash JN, Maruf MAA, Xin C, Tam HY, Yu C. Label-Free DNA Detection Using Etched Tilted Bragg Fiber Grating-Based Biosensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7019. [PMID: 37631556 PMCID: PMC10457823 DOI: 10.3390/s23167019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
A label-free-based fiber optic biosensor based on etched tilted Bragg fiber grating (TFBG) is proposed and practically demonstrated. Conventional phase mask technic has been utilized to inscribe tilted fiber Bragg grating with a tilt angle of 10°, while the etching has been accomplished with hydrofluoric acid. A composite of polyethylenimine (PEI)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) has been thermally deposited on the etched TFBG, followed by immobilization of probe DNA (pDNA) on this deposited layer. The hybridization of pDNA with the complementary DNA (cDNA) has been monitored using wavelength-dependent interrogation. The reproducibility of the probes has been demonstrated by fabricating three identical probes and their response has been investigated for cDNA concentration ranging from 0 μM to 3 μM. The maximum sensitivity has been found to be 320 pm/μM, with the detection limit being 0.65 μM. Furthermore, the response of the probes towards non-cDNA has also been investigated in order to establish its specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Noman
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Photonics Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Jitendra Narayan Dash
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Photonics Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China; (J.N.D.); (H.-Y.T.)
| | - Md Abdullah Al Maruf
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Cheng Xin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Photonics Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China; (J.N.D.); (H.-Y.T.)
| | - Hwa-Yam Tam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Photonics Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China; (J.N.D.); (H.-Y.T.)
| | - Changyuan Yu
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Photonics Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China;
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Ma Z, Sun J, Zhou S, Shan W, Yan Y, Liu Y. Compact fiber sensor for pH measurement based on the composite effect of hydrogel deformation and LC refractive index variation. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:139-142. [PMID: 36563388 DOI: 10.1364/ol.479025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A novel, to the best of our knowledge, type of compact pH fiber sensor combined with a hydrogel based on the whispering gallery mode (WGM) is proposed and integrates a liquid crystal (LC) microdroplet in a capillary in a compact structure as small as 180 µm. In the research, the hydrogel performs both as a supporting frame and a responsive material that causes morphological deformation of the LC microdroplet with pH variation. Moreover, a new phenomenon of pH-induced LC refractive index variation is observed and applied in the pH measurement, so that the acid itself can also lead the LC microdroplet structure transition. Thus, the WGM method is applied to detect the composite effect simultaneously to improve the sensing capability. The sensitivity of the sensor in the pH range from 4.55 to 6.86 reaches 3.19 nm/pH. The response time is short, within 60 s. The simple and compact structure of the sensor reduces the cost and enhances the stability, which is of great potential for biomedical pH measurement.
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Yin G, Xiao H, Zhou H, Zhu T. Distributed pH sensing based on hydrogel coated single mode fibers and optical frequency domain reflectometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:42801-42809. [PMID: 36522992 DOI: 10.1364/oe.471010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We propose a distributed pH sensor based on an optical frequency domain reflectometry using a PEGDA-based pH-sensitive hydrogel coated on a single mode fiber. The volume of hydrogel increased as pH value of the surrounding fluid decreased, which converts the pH value to the axial strain in the fiber. Taking capacity of distributed strain measurement with high spatial resolution in optical frequency domain reflectometry, the pH value of the external medium is distributed measured by the wavelength shifts of the local Rayleigh backscattering spectra. The basic hydrogel with different molecular weight was optimized to balance the sensitivity, the response time and also the stability. In the experiment, the range of the pH value from 2 to 6 was measured with a sampling resolution of 1.7 mm, a sensitivity of -199 pm/pH and a response time of 14 min when the hydrogel coating diameter is 2 mm. Such a distributed pH sensing system has a potential to detect and locate some chemical or biological substances in a large-scale environment.
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Long G, Wan L, Xia B, Zhao C, Niu K, Hou J, Lyu D, Li L, Zhu F, Wang N. Rapid-Response and Wide-Range pH Sensors Enabled by Self-Assembled Functional PAni/PAA Layer on No-Core Fiber. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7449. [PMID: 36363041 PMCID: PMC9654325 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of pH has received great attention in diverse fields, such as clinical diagnostics, environmental protection, and food safety. Optical fiber sensors are widely used for pH sensing because of their great advantages. In this work, an optical fiber pH sensor is fabricated, by combining the merits of the multimode interference configuration and pH-sensitive polyaniline/polyacrylic acid (PAni/PAA) coatings, which was successfully in situ deposited on the no-core fiber (NCF) by the layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly method. The sensors' performance was experimentally characterized when used for pH detection. It has a high sensitivity of 0.985 nm/pH and a great linear response in a universal pH range of 2-12. The response time and recovery time is measured to be less than 10 s. In addition, its temperature sensitivity is tested to be about 0.01 nm/°C with a low temperature crosstalk effect, which makes it promising for detecting pH in the liquid phase with temperature variation. The sensors also demonstrated easy fabrication, good stability, and repeatability, which are adapted to pH detection in most practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Long
- National Engineering Research Center of Fiber Optic Sensing Technology and Networks, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liang Wan
- National Engineering Research Center of Fiber Optic Sensing Technology and Networks, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Binyun Xia
- National Engineering Research Center of Fiber Optic Sensing Technology and Networks, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Fiber Optic Sensing Technology and Networks, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kunpeng Niu
- National Engineering Research Center of Fiber Optic Sensing Technology and Networks, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Hou
- National Engineering Research Center of Fiber Optic Sensing Technology and Networks, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dajuan Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber and Cable Manufacture Technology, Yangtze Optical Fibre and Cable Joint Stock Limited Company, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Litong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber and Cable Manufacture Technology, Yangtze Optical Fibre and Cable Joint Stock Limited Company, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Fangdong Zhu
- Ningbo Lianghe Road & Bridge Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Ning Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Fiber Optic Sensing Technology and Networks, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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Wang Y, Yan Y, Lian Z, Chen D, Lau APT, Lu C. Fabry-Perot interferometers for highly-sensitive multi-point relative humidity sensing based on Vernier effect and digital signal processing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:39946-39960. [PMID: 36298936 DOI: 10.1364/oe.470755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive relative humidity (RH) sensor based on Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPI) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The sensor is fabricated by splicing a segment of hollow core Bragg fiber (HCBF) with single mode fiber (SMF) and functionalized with chitosan and ultraviolet optical adhesive (UVOA) composite at the end of HCBF to form a hygroscopic polymer film. The reflection beams from the splicing point and the two surfaces of the polymer film generate the Vernier effect in the reflection spectrum, which significantly improves the humidity sensitivity of the sensor. To demodulate the envelope based on the Vernier effect and realize multi-point sensing, a digital signal processing (DSP) algorithm is proposed to process the reflection spectrum. The performance of the DSP algorithm is theoretically analyzed and experimentally verified. The proposed sensor demonstrates a high sensitivity of 1.45 nm/% RH for RH ranging from 45% RH to 90% RH. The compact size, high sensitivity and multiplexing capability make this sensor a promising candidate for RH monitoring. Furthermore, the proposed DSP can potentially be applied to other sensors based on the Vernier effect to analyze and extract valuable information from the interference spectrum.
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Noman AA, Dash JN, Cheng X, Tam HY, Yu C. Mach-Zehnder interferometer based fiber-optic nitrate sensor. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:38966-38974. [PMID: 36258448 DOI: 10.1364/oe.468944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A biocompatible, reliable and quick responsive fiber-optic sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is demonstrated for nitrate analytes tracing. The sensor was constructed by collapsing the air holes of a short length photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with the single-mode fibers (SMFs) on both ways. The proposed sensor has been coated with a graphene-PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) membrane using the thermal coating technique to make the sensor attractive to the nitrate ions in the aqueous solution. The maximum response is found to be 0.15 pm/ppm on the nitrate measurement scale of 0 ppm to 100 ppm with an average reaction time of ∼10 s. Also, a short length of FBG (fiber Bragg grating) is implanted with SMF to improve the sensing accuracy of the presented sensor.
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Al Noman A, Dash JN, Cheng X, Tam HY, Yu C. PCF based modal interferometer for lead ion detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:4895-4904. [PMID: 35209462 DOI: 10.1364/oe.447272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A compact, reliable, and fast responsive PCF (photonic crystal fiber) based modal interferometric sensor for lead ion detection is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The sensor has been fabricated by splicing a small section of PCF with SMF (single mode fiber) followed by collapsing the air holes of PCF at its tip. The interferometer is dip coated with chitosan-PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) and glutathione functionalized gold nanoparticles. Three probes have been fabricated, and the maximum sensitivity has been found to be 0.031 nm/ppb for lead ions whereas the detection range has been considered from 0 ppb to 50 ppb. The probe has been found to have a faster response time of ∼ 10 s. Furthermore, the sensor has been found to be less responsive towards other heavy metal ions, thereby demonstrating its selectivity towards lead ions. Besides, a section of FBG (fiber Bragg grating) has been embedded into the interferometer and the temperature response of FBG peak along with interference spectra has been investigated for better accuracy.
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Alqurashi Y, Elsherif M, Hendi A, Essa K, Butt H. Optical Hydrogel Detector for pH Measurements. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:40. [PMID: 35049668 PMCID: PMC8773850 DOI: 10.3390/bios12010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Measuring pH has become a major key for determining health conditions, and food safety. The traditional pH assessment approaches are costly and offer low sensitivity. Here, a novel pH sensor based on a pH-responsive hydrogel has been developed. A Fresnel lens pattern was replicated on the surface of the pH-responsive hydrogel using the replica mould method. The pH sensors were tested in a pH range of 4-7. Introducing various pH solutions to the pH sensor led to volumetric shifts as the hydrogel swelled with pH. Consequently, the dimensions of the replicated Fresnel lens changed, modifying the focal length and the focus efficiency of the optical sensor. As a result, the measured optical power at a fixed distance from the sensor changed with pH. The optical sensor showed the best performance in the acidic region when pH changed from 4.5 to 5.5, in which the recorded power increased by 13%. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity to pH changes with a short respond time in a reversible manner. The developed pH optical sensor may have applications in medical point-of-care diagnostics and wearable continuous pH detection devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Alqurashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Shaqra University, Dawadmi 11921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Elsherif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Asail Hendi
- School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.H.); (K.E.)
| | - Khamis Essa
- School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.H.); (K.E.)
| | - Haider Butt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates;
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Yu Y, Zhang X, Wang K, Wang Z, Sun H, Yang Y, Deng C, Huang Y, Wang T. Coexistence of transmission mechanisms for independent multi-parameter sensing in a silica capillary-based cascaded structure. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:27938-27950. [PMID: 34615198 DOI: 10.1364/oe.435097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The coexistence of transmission mechanisms, including Fabry-Perot (FP), Mach-Zehnder (MZ), and anti-resonant (AR), is demonstrated via a silica capillary-based cascaded structure. The analysis for MZ shows that one pathway is formed by the beam refracted into the silica capillary cladding from the air core, rather than being transmitted into the cladding directly at the splicing interface. Using the ray optics method, the two coexistence conditions are derived for FP and MZ, and for FP, MZ and AR, respectively. The existence percentages of the three mechanisms can be obtained using the fast Fourier transform. Finally, the coexistence of multiple transmission mechanisms is applied for independent multi-parameter sensing with the FP-based temperature sensitivity of 10.0 pm/°C and AR-based strain sensitivity of 1.33 nm/N. The third mechanism MZ interference can assist in verifying changes in both the temperature and axial strain. This shows the possibility to optimize the transmission spectra for independent multi-parameter sensing by tailoring the existence percentages of different mechanisms.
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