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Kolpakov AV, Moshkova AA, Melikhova EV, Sokolova DY, Muravskaya NP, Samorodov AV, Kopaneva NO, Lukina GI, Abramova MY, Mamatsashvili VG, Parshkov VV. Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy of the Oral Mucosa: In Vivo Experimental Validation of the Precancerous Lesions Early Detection Possibility. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13091633. [PMID: 37175023 PMCID: PMC10177876 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13091633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This article is devoted to the experimental validation of the possibility of early detection of precancerous lesions in the oral mucosa in vivo using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the wavelength range from 360 to 1000 nm. During the study, a sample of 119 patients with precancerous lesions has been collected and analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the most informative wavelength ranges were determined, in which the maximum differences in the backscattering spectra of lesions and intact tissues were observed, methods for automatic classification of backscattering spectra of the oral mucosa were studied, sensitivity and specificity values, achievable using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for detecting hyperkeratosis on the tongue ventrolateral mucosa surface and buccal mucosa, were evaluated. As a result of preliminary experimental studies in vivo, the possibility of automatic detection of precancerous lesions of the oral mucosa surface using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the wavelength range from 500 to 900 nm with an accuracy of at least 75 percent has been shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Kolpakov
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Moshkova
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Melikhova
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia
| | - Diana Yu Sokolova
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia
| | - Natalia P Muravskaya
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia
| | - Andrey V Samorodov
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia
| | - Nina O Kopaneva
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry and Diseases of the Oral Mucosa, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
| | - Galina I Lukina
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry and Diseases of the Oral Mucosa, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
| | - Marina Ya Abramova
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry and Diseases of the Oral Mucosa, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
| | - Veta G Mamatsashvili
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry and Diseases of the Oral Mucosa, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
| | - Vadim V Parshkov
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry and Diseases of the Oral Mucosa, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
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Kucheryavenko AS, Zhelnov VA, Melikyants DG, Chernomyrdin NV, Lebedev SP, Bukin VV, Garnov SV, Kurlov VN, Zaytsev KI, Katyba GM. Super-resolution THz endoscope based on a hollow-core sapphire waveguide and a solid immersion lens. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:13366-13373. [PMID: 37157475 DOI: 10.1364/oe.484650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To address a challenging problem of super-resolution terahertz (THz) endoscopy, in this paper, an antiresonant hollow-core waveguide was coupled with a sapphire solid immersion lens (SIL), aimed at subwavelength confinement of guided mode. The waveguide is formed by a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-coated sapphire tube, the geometry of which was optimized to ensure high optical performance. SIL was judiciously designed, fabricated of bulk sapphire crystal, and then mounted at the output waveguide end. Study of the field intensity distributions at the shadow side of the waveguide-SIL system revealed the focal spot diameter of ≃0.2λ at the wavelength of λ = 500 μm. It agrees with numerical predictions, overcomes the Abbe diffraction limit, and justifies super-resolution capabilities of our endoscope.
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Tu S, Wang Z, Zhang W, Li Y, She Y, Du H, Yi C, Qin B, Liu Z. A new technology for rapid determination of isomers of hydroxybenzoic acid by terahertz spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 279:121313. [PMID: 35598575 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the feasibility of using terahertz (THz) technology for the rapid identification of isomers. The time-domain spectra of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (2-HA), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (3-HA), and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HA) were measured by a THz time-domain spectroscopy system (THz-TDS) in the range of 0.3-1.8 THz. Aiming at the isomer classification problem, a THz spectral data classification model based on a variational mode decomposition-particle swarm optimization-support vector machine (VMD-PSO-SVM) method was proposed. Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and variational mode decomposition (VMD) were used to extract the first eight intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) of the time-domain signal. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract the first 80 principal components of each modal component as the classification feature vector. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were used to construct 2-, 3-, and 4-HA classification models. We found that the prediction accuracy of the VMD-PSO-SVM model was significantly higher than that of EMD-PSO-SVM model regardless of the modal components. For both EMD and VMD, with the increase in the IMF number, the corresponding classification recognition accuracy tended to decrease. The results showed that the rapid identification model of hydroxybenzoic acid isomers based on THz spectroscopy and SVM was effective and feasible, providing an accurate and rapid method for the chemical synthesis and quality monitoring of biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission and Manufacturing Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; Precision Manufacturing Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission and Manufacturing Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; Precision Manufacturing Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Yuanpeng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yulai She
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hao Du
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Cancan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Equipment and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission and Manufacturing Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; Precision Manufacturing Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Bo Qin
- The 34th Research Institute of CETC, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- The 34th Research Institute of CETC, Guilin 541004, China
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Mao Q, Zhu Y, Liu J. Terahertz image enhancing based on the physical model and multiscale retinex algorithm. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:8382-8388. [PMID: 36256152 DOI: 10.1364/ao.470769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To settle the terahertz (THz) image degradation problem, we propose an effective enhancement method based on the physical model and multiscale retinex (MSR) algorithm. The overall enhancing process involves two parts: reconstruction and enhancement. First, the original THz images are reconstructed by a mathematical model, which is built and considered the THz absorption variate and Gaussian distribution of the beam. Then, the original images are processed by the proposed algorithm, which combines the atmospheric scattering model and optimized MSR algorithm. The proposed algorithm not only recovers the image scene radiance and removes haze, but also can make a compromise of the dynamic range of gray scale and edge enhancement of the image. Results on a variety of THz images demonstrate our method can effectively improve the quality of THz images and retain sufficient image details.
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Yan Z, Zhu LG, Meng K, Huang W, Shi Q. THz medical imaging: from in vitro to in vivo. Trends Biotechnol 2022; 40:816-830. [PMID: 35012774 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) radiation has attracted considerable attention in medical imaging owing to its nonionizing and spectral fingerprinting characteristics. To date, most studies have focused on in vitro and ex vivo objects with water-removing pretreatment because the water in vivo excessively absorbs the THz waves, which causes deterioration of the image quality. In this review, we discuss how THz medical imaging can be used for a living body. The development of imaging contrast agents has been particularly useful to this end. In addition, we also introduce progress in novel THz imaging methods that could be more suitable for in vivo applications. Based on our discussions, we chart a developmental roadmap to take THz medical imaging from in vitro to in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyao Yan
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Li-Guo Zhu
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China; Microsystem and Terahertz Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu, Sichuan 610200, China
| | - Kun Meng
- Qingdao QUNDA Terahertz Technology Co. Ltd, Qingdao, Shandong 266104, China
| | - Wanxia Huang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Qiwu Shi
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
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Cherkasova OP, Serdyukov DS, Nemova EF, Ratushnyak AS, Kucheryavenko AS, Dolganova IN, Xu G, Skorobogatiy M, Reshetov IV, Timashev PS, Spektor IE, Zaytsev KI, Tuchin VV. Cellular effects of terahertz waves. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210179VR. [PMID: 34595886 PMCID: PMC8483303 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.9.090902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE An increasing interest in the area of biological effects at exposure of tissues and cells to the terahertz (THz) radiation is driven by a rapid progress in THz biophotonics, observed during the past decades. Despite the attractiveness of THz technology for medical diagnosis and therapy, there is still quite limited knowledge about safe limits of THz exposure. Different modes of THz exposure of tissues and cells, including continuous-wave versus pulsed radiation, various powers, and number and duration of exposure cycles, ought to be systematically studied. AIM We provide an overview of recent research results in the area of biological effects at exposure of tissues and cells to THz waves. APPROACH We start with a brief overview of general features of the THz-wave-tissue interactions, as well as modern THz emitters, with an emphasis on those that are reliable for studying the biological effects of THz waves. Then, we consider three levels of biological system organization, at which the exposure effects are considered: (i) solutions of biological molecules; (ii) cultures of cells, individual cells, and cell structures; and (iii) entire organs or organisms; special attention is devoted to the cellular level. We distinguish thermal and nonthermal mechanisms of THz-wave-cell interactions and discuss a problem of adequate estimation of the THz biological effects' specificity. The problem of experimental data reproducibility, caused by rareness of the THz experimental setups and an absence of unitary protocols, is also considered. RESULTS The summarized data demonstrate the current stage of the research activity and knowledge about the THz exposure on living objects. CONCLUSIONS This review helps the biomedical optics community to summarize up-to-date knowledge in the area of cell exposure to THz radiation, and paves the ways for the development of THz safety standards and THz therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga P. Cherkasova
- Institute of Laser Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation
| | - Danil S. Serdyukov
- Institute of Laser Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Eugenia F. Nemova
- Institute of Laser Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S. Ratushnyak
- Institute of Computational Technologies of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Anna S. Kucheryavenko
- Institute of Solid State Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Irina N. Dolganova
- Institute of Solid State Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Russian Federation
- Sechenov University, World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare,” Russian Federation
| | - Guofu Xu
- Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, Canada
| | | | - Igor V. Reshetov
- Sechenov University, Institute for Cluster Oncology, Russian Federation
- Academy of Postgraduate Education FSCC FMBA, Russian Federation
| | - Peter S. Timashev
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Russian Federation
- Sechenov University, World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare,” Russian Federation
- N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Department of Polymers and Composites, Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Russian Federation
| | - Igor E. Spektor
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill I. Zaytsev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Russian Federation
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Russian Federation
| | - Valery V. Tuchin
- Saratov State University, Russian Federation
- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
- National Research Tomsk State University, Russian Federation
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Musina GR, Chernomyrdin NV, Gafarova ER, Gavdush AA, Shpichka AJ, Komandin GA, Anzin VB, Grebenik EA, Kravchik MV, Istranova EV, Dolganova IN, Zaytsev KI, Timashev PS. Moisture adsorption by decellularized bovine pericardium collagen matrices studied by terahertz pulsed spectroscopy and solid immersion microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:5368-5386. [PMID: 34692188 PMCID: PMC8515980 DOI: 10.1364/boe.433216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, terahertz (THz) pulsed spectroscopy and solid immersion microscopy were applied to study interactions between water vapor and tissue scaffolds-the decellularized bovine pericardium (DBP) collagen matrices, in intact form, cross-linked with the glutaraldehyde or treated by plasma. The water-absorbing properties of biomaterials are prognostic for future cell-mediated reactions of the recipient tissue with the scaffold. Complex dielectric permittivity of DBPs was measured in the 0.4-2.0 THz frequency range, while the samples were first dehydrated and then exposed to water vapor atmosphere with 80.0 ± 5.0% relative humidity. These THz dielectric measurements of DBPs and the results of their weighting allowed to estimate the adsorption time constants, an increase of tissue mass, as well as dispersion of these parameters. During the adsorption process, changes in the DBPs' dielectric permittivity feature an exponential character, with the typical time constant of =8-10 min, the transient process saturation at =30 min, and the tissue mass improvement by =1-3%. No statistically-relevant differences between the measured properties of the intact and treated DBPs were observed. Then, contact angles of wettability were measured for the considered DBPs using a recumbent drop method, while the observed results showed that treatments of DBP somewhat affects their surface energies, polarity, and hydrophilicity. Thus, our studies revealed that glutaraldehyde and plasma treatment overall impact the DBP-water interactions, but the resultant effects appear to be quite complex and comparable to the natural variability of the tissue properties. Such a variability was attributed to the natural heterogeneity of tissues, which was confirmed by the THz microscopy data. Our findings are important for further optimization of the scaffolds' preparation and treatment technologies. They pave the way for THz technology use as a non-invasive diagnosis tool in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Musina
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Russia
| | - N V Chernomyrdin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Russia
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign & Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Russia
| | - E R Gafarova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Russia
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign & Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Russia
| | - A A Gavdush
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Russia
| | - A J Shpichka
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Russia
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign & Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - G A Komandin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Russia
| | - V B Anzin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - E A Grebenik
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Russia
| | - M V Kravchik
- Scientific Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Russia
| | - E V Istranova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Russia
| | - I N Dolganova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Russia
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign & Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Russia
- Institute of Solid State Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - K I Zaytsev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Russia
| | - P S Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Russia
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign & Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
- Department of Polymers and Composites, N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russia
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8
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Kucheryavenko AS, Chernomyrdin NV, Gavdush AA, Alekseeva AI, Nikitin PV, Dolganova IN, Karalkin PA, Khalansky AS, Spektor IE, Skorobogatiy M, Tuchin VV, Zaytsev KI. Terahertz dielectric spectroscopy and solid immersion microscopy of ex vivo glioma model 101.8: brain tissue heterogeneity. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:5272-5289. [PMID: 34513256 PMCID: PMC8407834 DOI: 10.1364/boe.432758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) technology holds strong potential for the intraoperative label-free diagnosis of brain gliomas, aimed at ensuring their gross-total resection. Nevertheless, it is still far from clinical applications due to the limited knowledge about the THz-wave-brain tissue interactions. In this work, rat glioma model 101.8 was studied ex vivo using both the THz pulsed spectroscopy and the 0.15λ-resolution THz solid immersion microscopy (λ is a free-space wavelength). The considered homograft model mimics glioblastoma, possesses heterogeneous character, unclear margins, and microvascularity. Using the THz spectroscopy, effective THz optical properties of brain tissues were studied, as averaged within the diffraction-limited beam spot. Thus measured THz optical properties revealed a persistent difference between intact tissues and a tumor, along with fluctuations of the tissue response over the rat brain. The observed THz microscopic images showed heterogeneous character of brain tissues at the scale posed by the THz wavelengths, which is due to the distinct response of white and gray matters, the presence of different neurovascular structures, as well as due to the necrotic debris and hemorrhage in a tumor. Such heterogeneities might significantly complicate delineation of tumor margins during the intraoperative THz neurodiagnosis. The presented results for the first time pose the problem of studying the inhomogeneity of brain tissues that causes scattering of THz waves, as well as the urgent need to use the radiation transfer theory for describing the THz-wave - tissue interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kucheryavenko
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
- Institute of Solid State Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - N V Chernomyrdin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Russia
| | - A A Gavdush
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Russia
| | | | - P V Nikitin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Russia
- Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute, Russia
| | - I N Dolganova
- Institute of Solid State Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Russia
| | - P A Karalkin
- Institute for Cluster Oncology, Sechenov University, Russia
| | | | - I E Spektor
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - M Skorobogatiy
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, Canada
| | - V V Tuchin
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, Russia
- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
- National Research Tomsk State University, Russia
| | - K I Zaytsev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Russia
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9
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Ren Y, Xie G, Zhang Y, Liu D, Zhou K, Miao W, Zhang W, Shi S. Development of terahertz two-dimensional phase gratings for multiple beam generation based on a high-accuracy phase retrieval algorithm. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:17951-17961. [PMID: 34154066 DOI: 10.1364/oe.425838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High efficiency and accuracy phase gratings are of crucial importance for large format heterodyne array receivers at terahertz frequencies. Here, by developing a design approach that can create gratings with arbitrary two-dimensional diffraction distributions, we have realized a reflective metallic phase grating that generates 2×2 diffraction beams at 0.85 THz. The measured total power efficiency of the diffraction beam pattern is 81.9%, which demonstrates at least 17% improvement in efficiency compared with the standard pseudo-2D Fourier phase grating. In addition, we report the realization of up to 10×10 diffraction beam two-dimensional phase grating designs at terahertz wavelengths, using an adaptation of the Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) scheme known as the Mixed-Region-Amplitude-Freedom algorithm. Rigorous full wave simulation proves the efficiency and accuracy of the design, which overcomes the inaccurate intensity of the beam distribution drawbacks originated from the standard GS algorithm. The results pave the way for the development of large-pixel terahertz multi-beam heterodyne receivers.
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