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Hirschmann O, Bhakta HH, Kort-Kamp WJM, Jones AC, Xiong W. Spatially Resolved Near Field Spectroscopy of Vibrational Polaritons at the Small N Limit. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:2650-2658. [PMID: 39036063 PMCID: PMC11258779 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Vibrational polaritons, which have been primarily studied in Fabry-Pérot cavities with a large number of molecules (N ∼ 106-1010) coupled to the resonator mode, exhibit various experimentally observed effects on chemical reactions. However, the exact mechanism is elusively understood from the theoretical side, as the large number of molecules involved in an experimental strong coupling condition cannot be represented completely in simulations. This discrepancy between theory and experiment arises from computational descriptions of polariton systems typically being limited to only a few molecules, thus failing to represent the experimental conditions adequately. To address this mismatch, we used surface phonon polariton (SPhP) resonators as an alternative platform for vibrational strong coupling. SPhPs exhibit strong electromagnetic confinement on the surface and thus allow for coupling to a small number of molecules. As a result, this platform can enhance nonlinearity and slow down relaxation to the dark modes. In this study, we fabricated a pillar-shaped quartz resonator and then coated it with a thin layer of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc). By employing scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM), we spatially investigated the dependency of vibrational strong coupling on the spatially varying electromagnetic field strength and demonstrated strong coupling with 38,000 molecules only-reaching to the small N limit. Through s-SNOM analysis, we found that strong coupling was observed primarily on the edge of the quartz pillar and the apex of the s-SNOM tip, where the maximum field enhancement occurs. In contrast, a weak resonance signal and lack of coupling were observed closer to the center of the pillar. This work demonstrates the importance of spatially resolved polariton systems in nanophotonic platforms and lays a foundation to explore polariton chemistry and chemical dynamics at the small N limit-one step closer to reconcile with high-level quantum calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hirschmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Harsh H. Bhakta
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Wilton J. M. Kort-Kamp
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Andrew C. Jones
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials
Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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2
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Xu S, Qian L, Sun M, Zheng G. Weyl semimetal mediated epsilon-near-zero hybrid polaritons and the induced nonreciprocal radiation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:32336-32344. [PMID: 37902035 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04183b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Polaritonic excitation and management in ultra-thin polar crystals has recently received significant attention and holds new promise for epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) modes. However, manipulation of the ENZ mode via anisotropic magneto-optic (MO) material remains elusive. Herein, we provide an effective strategy for constructing an ENZ polar thin film with dependence on Weyl semimetals (WSM). The thermal radiation of the proposed device is explored with electromagnetic (EM) simulations that utilize the anisotropic rigorous coupled-wave analysis (aRCWA) method. Strong coupling of the ENZ mode to WSM polaritons has been demonstrated, and the structural parameters hold tolerance on the order of hundreds of nanometers, which is highly favorable for low-cost fabrication and high-performance application. By changing both the azimuthal angle (ϕ) and angle of incidence (θ), the nonreciprocity (η) can be effectively influenced. The distribution of η is symmetrical with ϕ = 180°, η = 0 when ϕ = 90° and ϕ = 270°. The mechanism of this proposal is owing to the hybrid polaritons supported by the polar thin film and nonreciprocal radiation of WSM, which is validated by examining the amplitude distribution of the magnetic field. The nonreciprocal emitter described herein allows simultaneous control of spectral distribution and polarization of radiation, which will facilitate the active design and application of mid-infrared (MIR) thermal emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Detection of Atmosphere and Ocean, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Liming Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Detection of Atmosphere and Ocean, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Mengran Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Detection of Atmosphere and Ocean, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Gaige Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Detection of Atmosphere and Ocean, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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3
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Xu R, Lin T, Luo J, Chen X, Blackert ER, Moon AR, JeBailey KM, Zhu H. Phonon Polaritonics in Broad Terahertz Frequency Range with Quantum Paraelectric SrTiO 3. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302974. [PMID: 37334883 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Photonics in the frequency range of 5-15 terahertz (THz) potentially open a new realm of quantum materials manipulation and biosensing. This range, sometimes called "the new terahertz gap", is traditionally difficult to access due to prevalent phonon absorption bands in solids. Low-loss phonon-polariton materials may realize sub-wavelength, on-chip photonic devices, but typically operate in mid-infrared frequencies with narrow bandwidths and are difficult to manufacture on a large scale. Here, for the first time, quantum paraelectric SrTiO3 enables broadband surface phonon-polaritonic devices in 7-13 THz. As a proof of concept, polarization-independent field concentrators are designed and fabricated to locally enhance intense, multicycle THz pulses by a factor of 6 and increase the spectral intensity by over 90 times. The time-resolved electric field inside the concentrators is experimentally measured by THz-field-induced second harmonic generation. Illuminated by a table-top light source, the average field reaches 0.5 GV m-1 over a large volume resolvable by far-field optics. These results potentially enable scalable THz photonics with high breakdown fields made of various commercially available phonon-polariton crystals for studying driven phases in quantum materials and nonlinear molecular spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Tong Lin
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jiaming Luo
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Xiaotong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Blackert
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Alyssa R Moon
- Nanotechnology Research Experience for Undergraduates (Nano REU) Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Khalil M JeBailey
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Hanyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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4
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Ni X, Carini G, Ma W, Renzi EM, Galiffi E, Wasserroth S, Wolf M, Li P, Paarmann A, Alù A. Observation of directional leaky polaritons at anisotropic crystal interfaces. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2845. [PMID: 37202412 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extreme anisotropy in some polaritonic materials enables light propagation with a hyperbolic dispersion, leading to enhanced light-matter interactions and directional transport. However, these features are typically associated with large momenta that make them sensitive to loss and poorly accessible from far-field, being bound to the material interface or volume-confined in thin films. Here, we demonstrate a new form of directional polaritons, leaky in nature and featuring lenticular dispersion contours that are neither elliptical nor hyperbolic. We show that these interface modes are strongly hybridized with propagating bulk states, sustaining directional, long-range, sub-diffractive propagation at the interface. We observe these features using polariton spectroscopy, far-field probing and near-field imaging, revealing their peculiar dispersion, and - despite their leaky nature - long modal lifetime. Our leaky polaritons (LPs) nontrivially merge sub-diffractive polaritonics with diffractive photonics onto a unified platform, unveiling opportunities that stem from the interplay of extreme anisotropic responses and radiation leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ni
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Giulia Carini
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Weiliang Ma
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and Wuhan National high Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Enrico Maria Renzi
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Emanuele Galiffi
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Sören Wasserroth
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Wolf
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peining Li
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and Wuhan National high Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Hubei, 430074, China.
| | | | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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5
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Cortés E, Wendisch FJ, Sortino L, Mancini A, Ezendam S, Saris S, de S. Menezes L, Tittl A, Ren H, Maier SA. Optical Metasurfaces for Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15082-15176. [PMID: 35728004 PMCID: PMC9562288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured surfaces with designed optical functionalities, such as metasurfaces, allow efficient harvesting of light at the nanoscale, enhancing light-matter interactions for a wide variety of material combinations. Exploiting light-driven matter excitations in these artificial materials opens up a new dimension in the conversion and management of energy at the nanoscale. In this review, we outline the impact, opportunities, applications, and challenges of optical metasurfaces in converting the energy of incoming photons into frequency-shifted photons, phonons, and energetic charge carriers. A myriad of opportunities await for the utilization of the converted energy. Here we cover the most pertinent aspects from a fundamental nanoscopic viewpoint all the way to applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cortés
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Fedja J. Wendisch
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Luca Sortino
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Ezendam
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Seryio Saris
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Leonardo de S. Menezes
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal de
Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Andreas Tittl
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Haoran Ren
- MQ Photonics
Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Macquarie
Park, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Stefan A. Maier
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department
of Phyiscs, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Kumari J, Harish, Akash, Pandey A, Kumar P, Singh MK, Singh A, Shishodia MS, Joshi RP, Mukhopadhyay AK. Thickness Controlled Physical Properties of Chemically Synthesized Nanostructured Calcite Thin Films. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kumari
- Department of Physics Manipal University Jaipur Jaipur 303007 Rajasthan India
| | - Harish
- Department of Physics Manipal University Jaipur Jaipur 303007 Rajasthan India
| | - Akash
- Department of Physics Manipal University Jaipur Jaipur 303007 Rajasthan India
| | - Arushi Pandey
- Centre of Material Sciences University of Allahabad Prayagraj 211002 India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar
- Department of Physics Manipal University Jaipur Jaipur 303007 Rajasthan India
| | - Manoj K Singh
- Centre of Material Sciences University of Allahabad Prayagraj 211002 India
| | - Alok Singh
- Department of Applied Physics Gautam Buddha University Greater Noida 201312 India
| | | | | | - Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Physics Manipal University Jaipur Jaipur 303007 Rajasthan India
- Department of Physics Biyani Group of Colleges, Vidhyadhar Nagar Jaipur 302039 Rajasthan India
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7
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Ma W, Hu G, Hu D, Chen R, Sun T, Zhang X, Dai Q, Zeng Y, Alù A, Qiu CW, Li P. Ghost hyperbolic surface polaritons in bulk anisotropic crystals. Nature 2021; 596:362-366. [PMID: 34408329 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons in anisotropic materials result in exotic optical features, which can provide opportunities to control light at the nanoscale1-10. So far these polaritons have been limited to two classes: bulk polaritons, which propagate inside a material, and surface polaritons, which decay exponentially away from an interface. Here we report a near-field observation of ghost phonon polaritons, which propagate with in-plane hyperbolic dispersion on the surface of a polar uniaxial crystal and, at the same time, exhibit oblique wavefronts in the bulk. Ghost polaritons are an atypical non-uniform surface wave solution of Maxwell's equations, arising at the surface of uniaxial materials in which the optic axis is slanted with respect to the interface. They exhibit an unusual bi-state nature, being both propagating (phase-progressing) and evanescent (decaying) within the crystal bulk, in contrast to conventional surface waves that are purely evanescent away from the interface. Our real-space near-field imaging experiments reveal long-distance (over 20 micrometres), ray-like propagation of deeply subwavelength ghost polaritons across the surface, verifying long-range, directional and diffraction-less polariton propagation. At the same time, we show that control of the out-of-plane angle of the optic axis enables hyperbolic-to-elliptic topological transitions at fixed frequency, providing a route to tailor the band diagram topology of surface polariton waves. Our results demonstrate a polaritonic wave phenomenon with unique opportunities to tailor nanoscale light in natural anisotropic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Ma
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Debo Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Runkun Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Sun
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinliang Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Ying Zeng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA. .,Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Peining Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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