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Intisar T, Alam AS, Hoque I, Faruque MO. Numerical analysis of a highly sensitive SOI MRR refractive index sensor with performance enhancement using graphene and gold. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26186. [PMID: 38390064 PMCID: PMC10882028 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a simulation-based design for a Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) ring resonator with a Figure of Merit (FOM) of 56.15 and a high sensitivity of up to 730 nm/RIU. The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) technique was used to assess and evaluate the design quantitatively. Our design demonstrates higher sensitivity compared to many recent studies conducted on SOI-based sensors. The device structure follows a conventional ring resonator arrangement with a single waveguide, incorporating a 2D graphene layer on top of the SiO2 wafer and a gold nano-disc positioned at the center of the ring. Our findings highlight the device's susceptibility to refractive index variations, making it a desirable choice for various sensing applications. We have investigated the sensor's capabilities for sensing different concentrations of milkmilk. Graphene and gold materials enhance the device's response to light and provide comparatively higher sensitivity. The suggested design can serve as a blueprint for device fabrication, considering the practicality of implementing an SOI-based device using standard techniques for silicon processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasin Intisar
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Islamic University of Technology, Board Bazar, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Shadman Alam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Islamic University of Technology, Board Bazar, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh
| | - Ishtiaqul Hoque
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Islamic University of Technology, Board Bazar, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh
| | - Md Omar Faruque
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Islamic University of Technology, Board Bazar, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh
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Huang Z, Zhang B, Wang Y, Li H, Xu J, Ding J. Realizing multi-function absorptions through arbitrary octagonal meta-atoms. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:4473-4484. [PMID: 38297648 DOI: 10.1364/oe.511121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Metasurface absorbers (MA) typically exhibit a single type of absorption function due to their regular structures. In this study, we propose an irregular MA structure with octagonal meta-atoms. The presence of eight vertices in each meta-atom allows for tunable coordinates and offers a multitude of degrees of freedom in terms of geometry. As a result, the proposed MA exhibits diverse functionalities, including perfect absorption, multi-peaks absorption, and high absorption with a filtering window. To predict the geometric parameters of the MA structure based on a given target absorption spectrum, as well as the inverse design of the structure using the absorption spectrum as input, we employ a deep neural network combined with the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Remarkably, the mean-square error for spectrum prediction and inverse design of the MA structure is found to be as low as 0.0008 and 0.0031, respectively. This study opens up new possibilities for designing irregular electromagnetic structures and holds great potential for applications in multifunctional metasurfaces and metamaterials.
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Zhao C, Wang H, Bu Y, Zou H, Wang X. Structures, principles, and properties of metamaterial perfect absorbers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:30145-30171. [PMID: 37916298 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03346e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials are a kind of artificial material with special properties, showing huge potential for applications in fields such as infrared measurement, solar cells, optical sensors, and optical stealth. A metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA) is designed based on a metamaterial, featuring strong absorption, small volume, light weight, ultra-bandwidth, tunability and other characteristics. This paper introduces the absorption mechanism of MPAs from microwave to optical wave band, and four directions of absorber design are elaborated. Equivalent impedance matching, plasma resonance and interference effect are the main absorption mechanisms of MPA. Multiband perfect absorption, ultra-wideband and ultra-narrowband perfect absorption, polarization and angle insensitive absorption, and dynamically controllable tunable absorption are the main design aspects. Among them, the proposal of a dynamically tunable absorber realizes the dynamic absorption. Finally, the problems and challenges of metamaterial perfect absorber design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Zhao
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Huan Wang
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yanyan Bu
- College of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xiangfu Wang
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy (Wuhan University of Science and Technology), Wuhan, 430081, China
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Soliman MM, Islam MT, Alam T, Misran N, Abdul Rahim SK, Alzamil A, Chowdhury MEH, Alshammari AS, Alsaif H, Soliman MS. Broadband near unity absorption meta-structure for solar thermophotovoltaic systems and optical window applications. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:12972-12994. [PMID: 37477438 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01941a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Developing a meta-structure with near-unity absorbance in the visible and infrared spectra for solar energy harvesting, photodetection, thermal imaging, photo-trapping, and optical communications is a long-term research challenge. This research presents a four-layered (insulator-metal-insulator-metal) meta-structure unit cell that showed a peak absorbance of 99.99% at 288-300 nm and the average absorbance of 99.18% over the 250-2000 nm wavelength range in TE and TM modes, respectively. The symmetric pattern of the resonator layer shows polarization insensitivity with an average absorption of 99.18% in both TE and TM modes. Furthermore, the proposed design shows a wide incident angle stability up to ≤60 degrees in both TE and TM modes. The proposed structure also exhibits negative index properties at 288-300 nm and 1000-2000 nm, respectively. The negative index properties of the proposed design generate an anti-parallel surface current flow in the ground and resonator layers, which induces magnetic and electric field resonance and increases absorption. The performance of the proposed design is further validated by the interference theory model and a zero value for the polarization conversion ratio (PCR). The electric field E, magnetic field H, and current distribution are analyzed to explain the absorption mechanism of the proposed meta-structure unit cell. It also exhibits the highest photo-thermal conversion efficiency of 99.11%, demonstrating the viability of the proposed design as a solar absorber. The proposed design promises potentially valuable applications such as solar energy harvesting, photodetection, thermal imaging, photo-trapping, and optical communications because of its decent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mohiuddin Soliman
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Tariqul Islam
- Center for Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Touhidul Alam
- Pusat Sains Ankasa (ANGKASA), Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Norbahiah Misran
- Center for Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | - Ahmed Alzamil
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81481, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Ahmed S Alshammari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81481, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Haitham Alsaif
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81481, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed S Soliman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
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A Multi-Layered Borophene-Silica-Silver Based Refractive Index Sensor for Biosensing Applications Operated at the Infrared Frequency Spectrum. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9050279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
We have presented the borophene based refractive index sensor for the infrared frequency spectrum of 188 to 250 THz (1.2–1.6 µm) range. The proposed structure was formed by using the Silver-borophene-silica-Ag layered structure. The behaviour of the different analyte (with a different refractive index) material is numerically calculated by placing it on the top of the structure. The behaviour of the structure is identified in terms of absorption, reflectance, physical parameter variation, and oblique angle incident conditions. The presented results provide the basic idea of selecting optimized structure dimensions to get the specific resonating response. This sensor offers the Figure of Merit (FOM) of 444 RIU−1 with high sensitivity of 660 THz/RIU (4471 nm/RIU). The refractive index sensor also provides wide-angle stability for (0° to 80°) for the wide frequency range (239 to 245 THz and 207 to 209 THz). This sensor is developed on the silver metal layer (not required to separate borophene from its origin metal deposition process) and easily fabricated using standard boron fabrication and layered deposition techniques. The results of the proposed structure make it possible to design a basic biosensor structure. This device is also applicable for various THz and biomedical applications.
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