Cheng HT, Wu CH, Feng M, Wu CH. 40.1-GHz sub-freezing 850-nm VCSEL: microwave extraction of cavity lifetimes and small-signal equivalent circuit modeling.
OPTICS EXPRESS 2023;
31:11408-11422. [PMID:
37155776 DOI:
10.1364/oe.486480]
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Abstract
We present an 850-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) constructed for a wide operating temperature range from 25°C to -50°C sub-freezing temperature, demonstrating 40.1-GHz at -50°C. The optical spectra, junction temperature, and microwave equivalent circuit modeling of a sub-freezing 850-nm VCSEL between -50°C and 25°C are also discussed. Reduced optical losses, higher efficiencies, and shorter cavity lifetimes at sub-freezing temperatures are the leading causes of the improved laser output powers and bandwidths. The e-h recombination lifetime and the cavity photon lifetime are shortened to 113 and 4.1 ps, respectively. Could potentially supercharge VCSEL-based sub-freezing optical links for applications in frigid weather, quantum computing, sensing, aerospace, etc.
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