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Chaitanya Kumar S, Schunemann PG, de Valcárcel GJ, Ebrahim-Zadeh M, Esteban-Martín A. Up-converted photorefractive optical transient detection with femtosecond laser pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:16939-16951. [PMID: 37157762 DOI: 10.1364/oe.486336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on experimental demonstration of optical transient detection (OTD) based on photorefractive two-wave mixing of femtosecond pulses. The demonstrated technique also combines nonlinear-crystal-based OTD with up-conversion from infrared into the visible range. The approach enables measurement of phase changes of a dynamic signal in the infrared using GaP- or Si-based detectors while suppressing stationary background. Experimental results reveal existence of the relation between input phases in the infrared and output phases in the visible wavelength range. We further present experimental evidence of additional merits of up-converted transient phase analysis under noisy conditions, such as residual continuous-wave emission affecting the ultrashort pulses from the laser.
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Esteban-Martín A, García-Monreal J, Silva F, de Valcárcel GJ. Interferometric measurement of complex-field changes in transient detection imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:28782-28791. [PMID: 33114789 DOI: 10.1364/oe.401077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report an experimental method that combines nonlinear-crystal-based transient detection imaging (TDI) with interferometric complex-field retrieval. The system allows measuring both phase and amplitude of a dynamic scene while suppressing stationary background. Theoretical and experimental results prove the linear relation existing between input and output phases, as well as the benefits of phase analysis for both detection and measurement with high resolutions of λ/30, even under noisy conditions. Additionally, we present experimental evidence of the remarkable ability of the technique to detect phase sign changes in the scene -what we call differential-phase TDI- showing great detection sensitivity and no calibration requirements.
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Deng Z, Qing DK, Hemmer P, Ooi CHR, Zubairy MS, Scully MO. Time-bandwidth problem in room temperature slow light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:023602. [PMID: 16486574 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.023602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
For many applications of slow or stopped light, the delay-time-bandwidth product is a fundamental issue. So far, however, slow-light demonstrations do not show a large delay-time-bandwidth product, especially in room temperature solids. Here we demonstrate that the use of artificial inhomogeneous broadening has the potential to solve this problem. A proof-of-principle experiment is done using slow light produced by two-beam coupling in a photorefractive crystal Ce:BaTiO3 where Bragg selection is used to provide the artificial inhomogeneity. Examples of how to generalize this concept for use with other room temperature slow-light solids are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Deng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Chen G, Zhang C, Guo Z, Xu T, Liang X, Wang X, Tian J, Song QW. Relationship between parameters of bacteriorhodopsin film and behavior of optical novelty filters. APPLIED OPTICS 2005; 44:6373-9. [PMID: 16252649 DOI: 10.1364/ao.44.006373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To continue our earlier research on novelty filters in a system of incoherent light [Opt. Lett. 30,81 (2005)], we discuss the relationship between parameters of a bacteriorhodopsin film and the quality of a novelty filter image. For both fixed and moving velocities of the input image, differences in the novelty filter's image as a function of thickness, lifetime of the M state, and molecular concentration are displayed, and the optimal ranges of parameters of the bR film that correspond to the entire novelty filter image and obvious gray-level differences in the image are given. The method can be used to design high-quality novelty filter images in incoherent light systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Chen
- Department of Physics, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300222, China.
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Zhang C, Chen G, Wei X, Guo Z, Tian J, Wang X, Zhang G, Song QW. Optical novelty filter using bacteriorhodopsin film. OPTICS LETTERS 2005; 30:81-83. [PMID: 15648645 DOI: 10.1364/ol.30.000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new kind of optical novelty filtering by an incoherent light system is presented that is based on a special property of dynamic complementary suppression modulated transmission in bacteriorhodopsin film. By simplifying the energy system, we establish a theoretical model, and our experimental results are compared with those reached by numerical simulation of the novelty filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Zhang
- Photonics Center, Institute of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Krishnamachari VV, Denz C. Real-time phase measurement with a photorefractive novelty filter microscope. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1088/1464-4258/5/5/372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Photorefractive properties and applications of polymer composites and fully functionalized polymethacrylates. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4931(01)00354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hendrickx E, Van Steenwinckel D, Persoons A. Tracking novelty filter at 780 nm based on a photorefractive polymer in a two-beam coupling geometry. APPLIED OPTICS 2001; 40:1412-1416. [PMID: 18357130 DOI: 10.1364/ao.40.001412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed an all-optical tracking novelty filter based on the dynamic holographic properties of an efficient and fast infrared-sensitive photorefractive polymer. The photorefractive polymer was used in a two-beam coupling geometry. The polymer had a gain coefficient of 175 cm(-1) at a wavelength of 780 nm and an applied field of 72 V/microm. In contrast to what has been observed in photorefractive crystals, the gain coefficient and the filter contrast are largely independent of the writing beam's intensity ratio. We show images of a swinging pendulum observed through the novelty filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Dynamics, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Moore TR, Blair RL, Megofna AJ, Riegner MP, Shoop BL. Holographic interferometers with photorefractive recording media. APPLIED OPTICS 1998; 37:5176-5183. [PMID: 18285993 DOI: 10.1364/ao.37.005176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We discuss two types of holographic interferometer that contain photorefractive recording media. The first type contains two beams interacting in a photorefractive medium. The second type utilizes a single beam and relies on self-pumped phase conjugation from a photorefractive crystal to make phase changes appear as intensity changes. We show both theoretically and experimentally that the first type can be analyzed in a straightforward manner; however, the second type cannot be approximated as simply a special case of the first type, as one may näively suspect.
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Zhang J, Wang H, Yoshikado S, Aruga T. Incoherent-to-coherent conversion by use of the photorefractive fanning effect. OPTICS LETTERS 1997; 22:1612-1614. [PMID: 18188313 DOI: 10.1364/ol.22.001612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A dynamic incoherent-to-coherent converter using the photorefractive fanning effect is demonstrated in a BaTiO(3):Ce crystal, and high-quality positive replicas of the incoherent image are obtained with a resolution of 32line pairs/mm. In this method the incoherent image-bearing beam modulates the transmission intensity of the coherent beam directly, and no readout beam is required. When the intensity ratio of the incoherent beam to the coherent beam is smaller than 5, the transmission intensity of the coherent beam increases almost linearly with increased intensity of the incoherent beam.
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Okamoto T, Yamaguchi I, Boothroyd SA, Chrostowski J. Novelty filter that uses a bacteriorhodopsin film. APPLIED OPTICS 1997; 36:508-511. [PMID: 18250700 DOI: 10.1364/ao.36.000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new novelty optical filter that uses a bacteriorhodopsin film. This filter is based on the time-dependent nonlinear diffraction efficiency of real-time holograms recorded in the film. As soon as the signal beam carrying a pattern is diffracted by the polarization hologram recorded in the bacteriorhodopsin film, it begins to erase the hologram and suppresses the diffraction of the beam at the position of the stationary part of the pattern. This filter enhances only leading edges of moving patterns. In this system undesired scattered light, which is orthogonally polarized to the diffracted beam, is discriminated by a polarizer.
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Zhang Y, Kachru R. Photon-echo novelty filter for measuring a sudden change in index of refraction. APPLIED OPTICS 1996; 35:6762-6766. [PMID: 21151260 DOI: 10.1364/ao.35.006762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An optical novelty filter with phase-conjugate photon echoes is constructed to measure a sudden change in the index of refraction of a transparent medium. This novelty filter is set up as a Michelson interferometer and employs a europium-doped crystal as a phase-conjugate mirror. The filter is sensitive to the sudden change in index of refraction when the phase-conjugate echo experiences a different path length from the first laser excitation pulse in a photon-echo experiment. Using a Pockels cell as a pure phase modulator, we demonstrate that the filter can resolve a sudden phase change occurring on a nanosecond time scale with an accuracy and resolution close to 5°.
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Field CT, Davidson FM. Photorefractive two-wave mixing in the presence of high-speed optical phase modulation. APPLIED OPTICS 1993; 32:5285-5298. [PMID: 20856337 DOI: 10.1364/ao.32.005285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Equations that describe the steady-state dependence of the coherent-coupling properties of photorefractively induced refractive-index gratings on high-speed periodic biphase, sinusoidal, and triangular phase modulation impressed on one of the input optical beams are found and solved for both depleted and undepleted pump conditions. The period of the phase modulation wave form was kept short compared with the grating-formation time but did not cause significant spectral broadening. The results obtained were verified with data obtained from measurements of two-wave mixing in the photorefractive material, InP:Fe.
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Mao CC, Johnson KM, Turner R, Jared D, Doroski D. Applications of binary and analog hydrogenated amorphous silicon/ferroelectric liquid-crystal optically addressed spatial light modulators. APPLIED OPTICS 1992; 31:3908-3916. [PMID: 20725367 DOI: 10.1364/ao.31.003908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Analytical and experimental results that show novelty filtering, optical phase conjugation, and real-time edge enhancement by using optically addressed spatial light modulators that comprise amorphous silicon photodiodes and analog and binary ferroelectric liquid-crystal modulators are presented. The advantages of these devices for the above applications include high-speed, low-power operation and high spatial resolution.
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Zhou G, Bintz L, Anderson DZ. Fiber-optic acoustic Fourier transducer for audio sound processing. APPLIED OPTICS 1992; 31:1740-1744. [PMID: 20720812 DOI: 10.1364/ao.31.001740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a fiber-optic acoustic transducer operating in the audio-frequency regime. The device is made of an array of 120 multimode optical fibers and a photorefractive novelty filter. Each fiber in the array acts as a cantilevered mechanical resonator. The resonant frequencies of the fibers logarithmically sample the acoustic spectrum from approximately 100 Hz to 5 kHz. Laser light is injected into all fibers simultaneously and is reflected from the end of each fiber. An optical novelty filter extracts the acoustic information from the reflected light. The output of the novelty filter is essentially a Fourier transform of the acoustic signal. The background intensity in the transducer output corresponds to a driving amplitude of approximately 50 A. We describe holographic storage of complex sound patterns that use a LiNbO(3) crystal and an acoustic transducer.
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Suzuki T, Sato T. Novelty imaging system with a desired long-time scale using BaTiO(3) and a controlled shutter sequence. APPLIED OPTICS 1992; 31:606-612. [PMID: 20720655 DOI: 10.1364/ao.31.000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A novelty imaging system using photorefractive crystal BaTiO(3) and a controlled shutter sequence, which can be applied to the slow-motion detection of the object, is proposed. In this system the observation time scale is set to the desired long value uninfluenced by the time constant of the crystal that is used. This system utilizes a photorefractive beam-fanning effect in the BaTiO(3) crystal, so it is constructed simply by using only the object beam without suffering from the external disturbance that is intrinsic when the reference beam is used. Moreover, the visibility for an opaque object is also maintained by the use of an additional random-phase plate. We examine the basic characteristics and determine the appropriate conditions of the system.
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Khoury J, Woods CL, Cronin-Golomb M. Noise reduction using adaptive spatial filtering in photorefractive two-beam coupling. OPTICS LETTERS 1991; 16:747-749. [PMID: 19774058 DOI: 10.1364/ol.16.000747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present an optical signal-processing technique for additive noise reduction that uses the noisy signal and a Gaussian reference beam to produce an adaptive Wiener filter. We experimentally demonstrate an improvement from 1 to 8 in the signal-to-noise ratio by using nonlinear gain in two-beam coupling in barium titanate to transmit 50% of the signal and 6% of the noise.
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Coherent interactions in two-beam excite-probe absorption measurements: Phase gratings in flowing samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00348972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Robey HF. Spectrum of a passive scalar in the inertial-convective subrange of an anisotropic turbulent flow. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1990; 65:1360-1363. [PMID: 10042244 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.65.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Rajbenbach H, Delboulbé A, Huignard JP. Noise suppression in photorefractive image amplifiers. OPTICS LETTERS 1989; 14:1275-1277. [PMID: 19759657 DOI: 10.1364/ol.14.001275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a simple technique capable of significantly enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio of photorefractive amplifiers. The optical noise due to amplified scattered light and multiple interface reflections is removed by performing two-wave mixing in off-axis-rotating BaTiO(3) and Bi(12)SiO(20) crystals. A 20-fold improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio is achieved, and virtually noise-free image amplifiers are demonstrated.
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Ford JE, Fainman Y, Lee SH. Enhanced photorefractive performance from 45 degrees -cut BaTiO(3). APPLIED OPTICS 1989; 28:4808-4815. [PMID: 20555954 DOI: 10.1364/ao.28.004808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized the photorefractive performance of a special 45 degrees -cut crystal of BaTiO(3) and compared it with the conventional 0 degrees -cut material. An increased peak gain coefficient of 26 cm(-1) was measured using near normal beam incidence. Response times measured were ~1 order of magnitude faster than similar 0 degrees -cut crystals. The effects of an externally applied electric field parallel to the grating wave vector on the gain and response time were investigated. As an application example, the crystal was used to produce efficient and stable self-pumped image phase conjugation.
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Bialkowski SE. Application of the BaTiO(3) beam-fanning optical limiter as an adaptive spatial filter for signal enhancement in pulsed infrared laser-excited photothermal spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 1989; 14:1020-1022. [PMID: 19753043 DOI: 10.1364/ol.14.001020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A method for obtaining a high-contrast visible-light signal from infrared absorption in low-absorbance samples is described. This method is based on a beam-fanning optical limiter in photorefractive BaTiO(3). The resulting signal is not linear but does exhibit an enhanced signal-to-background ratio that is 4 to 6 orders of magnitude better than that of conventional infrared absorption spectrophotometry in the shot-noise limit. A simple model for the beam-fanning, optical-limiter-based, pulsed-laser-excited photothermal spectroscopy detector is found to describe the experimental data adequately. This technique using photothermal spectroscopy detection may have advantages for rapid signal analysis and for two-dimensional visible imaging of infrared absorption.
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Impact of the sublinear photoconductivity law on the interpretation of holographic results in BaTiO3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00616852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ford JE, Fainman Y, Lee SH. Time-integrating interferometry using photorefractive fanout. OPTICS LETTERS 1988; 13:856-858. [PMID: 19746058 DOI: 10.1364/ol.13.000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have experimentally demonstrated a single-beam interferometer that effectively subtracts an exponentially weighted history of the input from the current value, thus functioning as a novelty filter. The single-beam interferometer uses signal depletion due to noise amplification (fanout) in a specially cut crystal of photorefractive BaTiO(3). To demonstrate its real-time operation we used a Hughes liquid-crystal light valve to convert a video image into a phase- and/or amplitude-modulated input signal. Potential applications of this interferometer include image-clutter removal, motion detection and tracking, edge enhancement, and image time differentiation.
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