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Sajeed S, Chaiwongkhot P, Huang A, Qin H, Egorov V, Kozubov A, Gaidash A, Chistiakov V, Vasiliev A, Gleim A, Makarov V. An approach for security evaluation and certification of a complete quantum communication system. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5110. [PMID: 33658528 PMCID: PMC7930270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although quantum communication systems are being deployed on a global scale, their realistic security certification is not yet available. Here we present a security evaluation and improvement protocol for complete quantum communication systems. The protocol subdivides a system by defining seven system implementation sub-layers based on a hierarchical order of information flow; then it categorises the known system implementation imperfections by hardness of protection and practical risk. Next, an initial analysis report lists all potential loopholes in its quantum-optical part. It is followed by interactions with the system manufacturer, testing and patching most loopholes, and re-assessing their status. Our protocol has been applied on multiple commercial quantum key distribution systems to improve their security. A detailed description of our methodology is presented with the example of a subcarrier-wave system. Our protocol is a step towards future security evaluation and security certification standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihan Sajeed
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G4, Canada.
| | - Poompong Chaiwongkhot
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Quantum Technology Foundation (Thailand), Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Anqi Huang
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,Institute for Quantum Information and State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing, College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Qin
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,CAS Quantum Network Co., Ltd., 99 Xiupu road, Shanghai, 201315, People's Republic of China
| | - Vladimir Egorov
- Faculty of Photonics and Optical Information, ITMO University, Kadetskaya line 3/2, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton Kozubov
- Faculty of Photonics and Optical Information, ITMO University, Kadetskaya line 3/2, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrei Gaidash
- Faculty of Photonics and Optical Information, ITMO University, Kadetskaya line 3/2, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chistiakov
- Faculty of Photonics and Optical Information, ITMO University, Kadetskaya line 3/2, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Artur Vasiliev
- Faculty of Photonics and Optical Information, ITMO University, Kadetskaya line 3/2, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Artur Gleim
- Faculty of Photonics and Optical Information, ITMO University, Kadetskaya line 3/2, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vadim Makarov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai, 201315, People's Republic of China
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Kiselev F, Samsonov E, Goncharov R, Chistyakov V, Halturinsky A, Egorov V, Kozubov A, Gaidash A, Gleim A. Analysis of the chromatic dispersion effect on the subcarrier wave QKD system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:28696-28712. [PMID: 32988135 DOI: 10.1364/oe.403293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we investigate the chromatic dispersion impact on the quantum key distribution system based on multi-mode weak coherent phase-coded states. We provide an asymptotic secure key rate estimation, taking into account error detection probability due to chromatic dispersion. We demonstrate numerically and experimentally that the effect of chromatic dispersion in an optical fiber without any compensation hinders the secret key distribution at a distance more than 53 km. Finally, we propose a modification to the considered quantum communication system in order to mitigate the influence of chromatic dispersion on its performance.
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Samsonov E, Goncharov R, Gaidash A, Kozubov A, Egorov V, Gleim A. Subcarrier wave continuous variable quantum key distribution with discrete modulation: mathematical model and finite-key analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10034. [PMID: 32572271 PMCID: PMC7308325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66948-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we report a continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocol using multimode coherent states generated on subcarrier frequencies of the optical spectrum. We propose a coherent detection scheme where power from a carrier wave is used as a local oscillator. We compose a mathematical model of the proposed scheme and perform its security analysis in the finite-size regime using fully quantum asymptotic equipartition property technique. We calculate a lower bound on the secret key rate for the system under the assumption that the quantum channel noise is negligible compared to detector dark counts, and an eavesdropper is restricted to collective attacks. Our calculation shows that the current realistic system implementation would allow distributing secret keys over channels with losses up to 9 dB.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Samsonov
- ITMO University, Kronverkskiy, 49, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia.
- Quanttelecom LLC., Saint Petersburg, 199178, 6 Line 59, Russia.
| | - R Goncharov
- ITMO University, Kronverkskiy, 49, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - A Gaidash
- ITMO University, Kronverkskiy, 49, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
- Quanttelecom LLC., Saint Petersburg, 199178, 6 Line 59, Russia
| | - A Kozubov
- ITMO University, Kronverkskiy, 49, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
- Quanttelecom LLC., Saint Petersburg, 199178, 6 Line 59, Russia
| | - V Egorov
- ITMO University, Kronverkskiy, 49, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
- Quanttelecom LLC., Saint Petersburg, 199178, 6 Line 59, Russia
| | - A Gleim
- ITMO University, Kronverkskiy, 49, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
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Wright LJ, Karpiński M, Söller C, Smith BJ. Spectral Shearing of Quantum Light Pulses by Electro-Optic Phase Modulation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:023601. [PMID: 28128614 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.023601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Frequency conversion of nonclassical light enables robust encoding of quantum information based upon spectral multiplexing that is particularly well-suited to integrated-optics platforms. Here we present an intrinsically deterministic linear-optics approach to spectral shearing of quantum light pulses and show it preserves the wave-packet coherence and quantum nature of light. The technique is based upon an electro-optic Doppler shift to implement frequency shear of heralded single-photon wave packets by ±200 GHz, which can be scaled to an arbitrary shift. These results demonstrate a reconfigurable method to controlling the spectral-temporal mode structure of quantum light that could achieve unitary operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Wright
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Michał Karpiński
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Christoph Söller
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Smith
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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Gleim AV, Egorov VI, Nazarov YV, Smirnov SV, Chistyakov VV, Bannik OI, Anisimov AA, Kynev SM, Ivanova AE, Collins RJ, Kozlov SA, Buller GS. Secure polarization-independent subcarrier quantum key distribution in optical fiber channel using BB84 protocol with a strong reference. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:2619-2633. [PMID: 26906834 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.002619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A quantum key distribution system based on the subcarrier wave modulation method has been demonstrated which employs the BB84 protocol with a strong reference to generate secure bits at a rate of 16.5 kbit/s with an error of 0.5% over an optical channel of 10 dB loss, and 18 bits/s with an error of 0.75% over 25 dB of channel loss. To the best of our knowledge, these results represent the highest channel loss reported for secure quantum key distribution using the subcarrier wave approach. A passive unidirectional scheme has been used to compensate for the polarization dependence of the phase modulators in the receiver module, which resulted in a high visibility of 98.8%. The system is thus fully insensitive to polarization fluctuations and robust to environmental changes, making the approach promising for use in optical telecommunication networks. Further improvements in secure key rate and transmission distance can be achieved by implementing the decoy states protocol or by optimizing the mean photon number used in line with experimental parameters.
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