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Mushtaq U, Ayoub I, Kumar V, Sharma V, Swart HC, Chamanehpour E, Rubahn HG, Mishra YK. Persistent luminescent nanophosphors for applications in cancer theranostics, biomedical, imaging and security. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100860. [PMID: 38179230 PMCID: PMC10765243 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The extraordinary and unique properties of persistent luminescent (PerLum) nanostructures like storage of charge carriers, extended afterglow, and some other fascinating characteristics like no need for in-situ excitation, and rechargeable luminescence make such materials a primary candidate in the fields of bio-imaging and therapeutics. Apart from this, due to their extraordinary properties they have also found their place in the fields of anti-counterfeiting, latent fingerprinting (LPF), luminescent markings, photocatalysis, solid-state lighting devices, glow-in-dark toys, etc. Over the past few years, persistent luminescent nanoparticles (PLNPs) have been extensively used for targeted drug delivery, bio-imaging guided photodynamic and photo-thermal therapy, biosensing for cancer detection and subsequent treatment, latent fingerprinting, and anti-counterfeiting owing to their enhanced charge storage ability, in-vitro excitation, increased duration of time between excitation and emission, low tissue absorption, high signal-to-noise ratio, etc. In this review, we have focused on most of the key aspects related to PLNPs, including the different mechanisms leading to such phenomena, key fabrication techniques, properties of hosts and different activators, emission, and excitation characteristics, and important properties of trap states. This review article focuses on recent advances in cancer theranostics with the help of PLNPs. Recent advances in using PLNPs for anti-counterfeiting and latent fingerprinting are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Mushtaq
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
- Department of Physics, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, ZA9300, South Africa
| | - Irfan Ayoub
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
- Department of Physics, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, ZA9300, South Africa
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
- Department of Physics, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, ZA9300, South Africa
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Hendrik C. Swart
- Department of Physics, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, ZA9300, South Africa
| | - Elham Chamanehpour
- NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, Sønderborg, 6400, Denmark
| | - Horst-Günter Rubahn
- NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, Sønderborg, 6400, Denmark
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, Sønderborg, 6400, Denmark
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Kuang Q, Hou X, Du C, Wang X, Gao D. Recent advances in the anti-counterfeiting applications of long persistent phosphors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37377090 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01818k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Counterfeit products have infiltrated numerous regions worldwide, causing substantial damage to the financial interests of individuals, businesses, and countries. Moreover, counterfeit goods can pose a severe risk to human health. Therefore, it is crucial to develop effective anti-counterfeiting methods and authentication technologies. Persistent luminescence (PersL) materials show great potential for anti-counterfeiting applications due to their distinctive spatial and temporal dynamic spectrum performance. The unique luminescence properties of PersL materials enable the creation of optical codes with high capacity. In this perspective, we provide a summary of the latest advancements in anti-counterfeiting technology using long persistent phosphors. We discuss the various construction strategies of optical codes for anti-counterfeiting, which include multicolor luminescence, orthogonal luminescence, dynamic luminescence, and stimulus-response luminescence. In addition, we explore the mechanisms of PersL-based anti-counterfeiting materials and consider potential areas for future development to expand the applications of persistent phosphors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Kuang
- College of Science, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, China.
| | - Xiaochun Hou
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, China
| | - Chengxue Du
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Department of Physics, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA.
| | - Dangli Gao
- College of Science, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, China.
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Wu Y, Lin H, Li R, Lin S, Wu C, Huang Q, Xu J, Cheng Y, Wang Y. Laser-direct-writing of molecule-like Ag mx+ nanoclusters in transparent tellurite glass for 3D volumetric optical storage. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:19663-19670. [PMID: 34816864 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05360d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In situ constructing program-designed nanostructures via laser-direct-writing (LDW) has proved to be a reliable strategy for optical storage (OS). Herein, a kind of low-melting Ag+-doped TeO2-ZnO-Na2O (TZN) tellurite glass has been demonstrated as an ideal LDW OS medium. Microstructural and spectroscopic studies reveal the generation of molecule-like Agmx+ nanoclusters featured with a broad emission band in the orange-red region upon laser irradiation. Probing the laser-glass interaction yields evidences of the spatial distribution of Ag species responsive to laser-induced thermoelastic pressure wave oscillation, as well as the heat-driven migration/aggregation of Ag species along the radial direction of the laser spot. Raman analyses disclose the loose network of TZN-glass convenient for Ag+ mobility and the increased network connectivity when Agmx+ nanoclusters are precipitated out. Combined with the XPS result of Ag+ → Ag0 reduction, the possible formation mechanism of Ag nanoclusters stabilized in glass has been proposed. In a proof-of-concept experiment, 3D volumetric OS in the TZN glass has been demonstrated, showing optical data encoding/decoding in the form of characters and image patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaman Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China.
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Renfu Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China.
| | - Shisheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China.
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Chuxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China.
| | - Qiugui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China.
| | - Ju Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China.
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China.
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yuansheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China.
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
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Yoshimoto K, Ezura Y, Ueda M, Masuno A, Inoue H, Mizuguchi M. Fluorescence characterization of heavily Eu 3+-doped lanthanum gallate glass spheres with high quenching concentration. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:875-878. [PMID: 30768009 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.000875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Highly Eu2O3-doped (up to 30 mol%) La2O3-Ga2O3 glasses were synthesized by an aerodynamic levitation technique. The red emission associated with D05 level of Eu3+was most intense at 20 mol% Eu2O3, indicating a small effect of concentration quenching even at high Eu concentration. The fluorescence decay curves indicated that the dominant transition mechanism at high Eu concentration was fast energy migration among the Eu3+ ions, which averaged the environment of the Eu, yielding a nearly single-exponential decay of D05→F27 emission. Lifetime of the D05 level gradually decreased with Eu2O3 over the 5-25 mol% and rapidly decreased at 30 mol%, very consistent with the observed emission spectra.
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Li Y, Gecevicius M, Qiu J. Long persistent phosphors—from fundamentals to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:2090-136. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00582e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 714] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We present multidisciplinary research on synthetic methods, afterglow mechanisms, characterization techniques, material kinds, and applications of long persistent phosphors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Mindaugas Gecevicius
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Jianrong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
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Winterstein-Beckmann A, Möncke D, Palles D, Kamitsos EI, Wondraczek L. Structure and Properties of Orthoborate Glasses in the Eu2O3–(Sr,Eu)O–B2O3 Quaternary. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:3259-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5120465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Winterstein-Beckmann
- Otto
Schott Institute of Materials Research, University of Jena, Fraunhoferstrasse 6, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Doris Möncke
- Otto
Schott Institute of Materials Research, University of Jena, Fraunhoferstrasse 6, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Palles
- Theoretical
and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios I. Kamitsos
- Theoretical
and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Lothar Wondraczek
- Otto
Schott Institute of Materials Research, University of Jena, Fraunhoferstrasse 6, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Jiao Q, Yu X, Xu X, Zhou D, Qiu J. Relationship between Eu3+ reduction and glass polymeric structure in Al2O3-modified borate glasses under air atmosphere. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Luminescence Properties of Dual Valence Eu Doped Nano-crystalline BaF2 Embedded Glass-ceramics and Observation of Eu2+ → Eu3+ Energy Transfer. J Fluoresc 2011; 22:745-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-011-1010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Jiao Q, Song Z, Yang Z, Yu X, Qiu J. Sm3+ photoreduction in BaCl2 nanophases precipitated fluoroaluminate glasses under femtosecond laser irradiation. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:3091-3093. [PMID: 21847170 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.003091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Photoreduction of samarium-doped BaCl(2)-modified aluminofluoride glass by femtosecond laser irradiation and x-ray irradiation were investigated. Photoluminescence of samarium ions indicated that photoreduction of Sm(3+)→Sm(2+) efficiently occurred in glass samples containing more than 5 mol.% BaCl(2) after femtosecond laser irradiation, while dramatic change was not observed by x-ray irradiation. Transmission electron microscope results revealed that BaCl(2) nanophases only precipitated from glass matrix with a high BaCl(2) content by focusing femtosecond laser irradiation. Samarium ions were selectively incorporated into the precipitated nanophases, resulting in the enhancement of Sm(3+) photoreduction under lower laser power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiao
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 253 Xuefu RD, Kunming 650093, China
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10
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Smedskjaer MM, Wang J, Yue Y. Tunable photoluminescence induced by thermal reduction in rare earth doped glasses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10472a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Sampaio JA, Filadelpho MC, Andrade AA, Rohling JH, Medina AN, Bento AC, da Silva LM, Gandra FCG, Nunes LAO, Baesso ML. Study on the observation of Eu2+ and Eu3+ valence states in low silica calcium aluminosilicate glasses. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:055601. [PMID: 21386346 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/5/055601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The optical, magnetic and structural properties of Eu doped low silica calcium aluminosilicate glasses were investigated. The optical absorption coefficient presented two bands at 39,246 and 29,416 cm(-1), which were assigned respectively to the [Formula in text], and [Formula in text] transitions of Eu(2+). The fluorescence measured at 300 K on a sample doped with 0.5 wt% of Eu(2)O(3) exhibited a broad band centered at 17,350 cm(-1), which is attributed to the [Formula in text] transition of Eu(2+), whereas the additional peaks are due to the [Formula in text] transitions of Eu(3+). From magnetization and XANES data it was possible to evaluate the fractions of Eu(2+) and Eu(3+) for the sample doped with 0.5 and 5.0 wt% of Eu(2)O(3), the values of which were approximately 30 and 70%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sampaio
- Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, CEP 28013-600, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
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12
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Liu Y, Shimizu M, Zhu B, Dai Y, Qian B, Qiu J, Shimotsuma Y, Miura K, Hirao K. Micromodification of element distribution in glass using femtosecond laser irradiation. OPTICS LETTERS 2009; 34:136-138. [PMID: 19148233 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report micromodification of Eu element distribution in a silicate glass with femtosecond laser irradiation. Elemental analysis shows that the content of Eu decreased at the focal point and increased in a ring-shaped region around the focal point, which indicates migration of Eu ions has been induced by the femtosecond laser irradiation. Confocal fluorescence spectra demonstrate that the fluorescence intensity of Eu(3+) ions increased by 20% in the laser-induced, Eu-enriched, ring-shaped region compared with that for nonirradiated glass. The mechanism for the laser induced change in fluorescence properties of Eu(3+) has been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Zhou S, Lei W, Jiang N, Hao J, Wu E, Zeng H, Qiu J. Space-selective control of luminescence inside the Bi-doped mesoporous silica glass by a femtosecond laser. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b900045c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Nishida D, Kusaba M, Yatsuhashi T, Nakashima N. Reduction of Eu3+ to Eu2+ by an intense femtosecond laser pulse in solution. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Two-Photon Photopolymerization and 3D Lithographic Microfabrication. NMR 3D ANALYSIS PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/b94405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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16
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Jiu H, Tang H, Zhou J, Xu J, Zhang Q, Xing H, Huang W, Xia A. Sm(DBM)3Phen-doped poly(methyl methacrylate) for three-dimensional multilayered optical memory. OPTICS LETTERS 2005; 30:774-776. [PMID: 15832934 DOI: 10.1364/ol.30.000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report on the formation of submicrometer voids within Sm(DBM)3Phen-doped poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) under multiphoton absorption excited by an infrared laser beam. An ultrashort-pulsed laser beam with a pulse width of 200 fs at a wavelength of 800 nm is focused into doped PMMA. The large changes in refractive index and the fluorescence associated with a void allow conventional optical microscopy and reflection-type confocal microscopy to be used as detection methods. Voids can be arranged in a three-dimensional multilayered structure for high-density optical data storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Jiu
- Structure Research Laboratory and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Abstract
Femtosecond laser has been widely used in microscopic modifications to materials due to its ultra-short laser pulse and ultrahigh light intensity. When a transparent material e.g. glass is irradiated by a tightly focused femtosecond laser, the photo-induced reaction is expected to occur only near the focused part of the laser beam inside the glass due to the multiphoton processes. We observed various induced structures e.g. color center defects, refractive index change, micro-void and micro-crack, in glasses after the femtosecond laser irradiation. In this paper, we review the femtosecond laser induced phenomena and discuss the mechanisms of the observed phenomena. We also introduce the fabrication of various micro-optical components, e.g. optical waveguide, micro-grating, micro-lens, fiber attenuator, 3-dimensional optical memory by using the femtosecond laser-induced structures. The femtosecond laser will open new possibilities in the fabrication of micro-optical components with various optical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Qiu
- Photon Craft Project, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kyoto 619-0237, Japan.
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18
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Song H, Chen B, Sun B, Zhang J, Lu S. Ultraviolet light-induced spectral change in cubic nanocrystalline Y2O3:Eu3+. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fujita K, Nishi M, Hirao K. Ultrashort-laser-pulse-induced persistent spectral hole burning of Eu(3+) in sodium borate glasses. OPTICS LETTERS 2001; 26:1681-1683. [PMID: 18049698 DOI: 10.1364/ol.26.001681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We have observed persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB) in Eu(3+) -doped sodium borate glasses irradiated with near-IR femtosecond laser pulses. As-prepared glasses, i.e., glasses melted in air, do not show PSHB even at low temperatures (~77K) , but room-temperature PSHB occurs in the irradiated glasses. The exposure to IR radiation causes both the reduction of Eu(3+) to Eu(2+) and the formation of intrinsic defects. We propose that the photoinduced redistribution of electric charges between Eu(3+) to Eu(2+) is responsible for the occurrence of PSHB.
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Miura K, Qiu J, Mitsuyu T, Hirao K. Space-selective growth of frequency-conversion crystals in glasses with ultrashort infrared laser pulses. OPTICS LETTERS 2000; 25:408-410. [PMID: 18059895 DOI: 10.1364/ol.25.000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report on space-selective growth of a second-harmonic-generation beta-BaB(2)O(4) (BBO) crystal inside a BaO-Al(2)O(3)-B(2)O(3) glass sample at the focal point of an 800-nm femtosecond laser beam. A spherical heated region was formed during the focused laser irradiation through observation with an optical microscope. We moved the heated region by changing the position of the focal point of the laser beam relative to the glass sample. We grew BBO crystal continuously in the glass sample by adjusting the moving speed of the heated zone. Our results demonstrate that functional crystals can be formed three dimensionally in glasses by use of a nonresonant ultrashort pulsed laser.
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