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Lee J, Kwon S, Kim T, Jung J, Zhao L, Lee JH. Nonlinear optical property measurements of rhenium diselenide used for ultrafast fiber laser mode-locking at 1.9 μm. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9320. [PMID: 33927288 PMCID: PMC8085230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An experimental investigation into the nonlinear optical properties of rhenium diselenide (ReSe2) was conducted at a wavelength of 1.9 μm using the open-aperture and closed-aperture Z-scan techniques for the nonlinear optical coefficient (β) and nonlinear refractive index (n2) of ReSe2, respectively. β and n2 measured at 1.9 μm were ~ - 11.3 × 103 cm/GW and ~ - 6.2 × 10-2 cm2/GW, respectively, which to the best of our knowledge, are the first reported measurements for ReSe2 in the 1.9-μm spectral region. The electronic band structures of both ReSe2 and its defective structures were also calculated via the Perdew-Becke-Erzenhof functional to better understand their absorption properties. A saturable absorber (SA) was subsequently fabricated to demonstrate the usefulness of ReSe2 for implementing a practical nonlinear optical device at 1.9 μm. The 1.9-μm SA exhibited a modulation depth of ~ 8% and saturation intensity of ~ 11.4 MW/cm2. The successful use of the ReSe2-based SA for mode-locking of a thulium-holmium (Tm-Ho) co-doped fiber ring cavity was achieved with output pulses of ~ 840 fs at 1927 nm. We believe that the mode-locking was achieved through a hybrid mechanism of saturable absorption and nonlinear polarization rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, South Korea
| | - Suhyoung Kwon
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, South Korea
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, South Korea
| | - Junha Jung
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, South Korea
| | - Luming Zhao
- School of Optical and Electronic Information and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ju Han Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, South Korea.
- Institute of Information Technology, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, South Korea.
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Hu ZA, Huang YQ, Luo AP, Cui H, Luo ZC, Xu WC. Photonic crystal fiber for supporting 26 orbital angular momentum modes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:17285-17291. [PMID: 27464177 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.017285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose and numerically investigate a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based on As2S3 for supporting the orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes up to 26. The designed PCF is composed of four well-ordered air hole rings in the cladding and an air hole at the center. The OAM modes can be well separated due to the large effective index difference of above 10-4 between the eigenmodes and maintain single-mode condition radially. In addition, the dispersions of the modes increase slowly with wavelengths, while the confinement loss keeps as low as 10-9 dB/m. The proposed PCF increases the supported OAM modes which could have some potential applications in short-distance, high-capacity transmission.
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Zhang WQ, Lohe MA, Monro TM, Bettotti P, Pavesi L, Afshar VS. Nonlinear self-polarization flipping in silicon sub-wavelength waveguides: distortion, loss, dispersion, and noise effects. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:27643-27654. [PMID: 25401908 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.027643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We numerically investigate nonlinear self-polarization flipping in a silicon waveguide. We identify specific silicon waveguide geometries that enhance this effect to facilitate its fabrication and experimental demonstration by varying various parameters such as fabrication distortion, waveguide loss, dispersion and laser noise to design the silicon waveguide. In optimized waveguides, we show that nonlinear self-polarization flipping can be observed with few tens of watts peak power pulses with widths as short as 60 ps and laser noise level as large as 7%.
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Afshar V S, Monro TM, de Sterke CM. Understanding the contribution of mode area and slow light to the effective Kerr nonlinearity of waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:18558-18571. [PMID: 23938728 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.018558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We resolve the ambiguity in existing definitions of the effective area of a waveguide mode that have been reported in the literature by examining which definition leads to an accurate evaluation of the effective Kerr nonlinearity. We show that the effective nonlinear coefficient of a waveguide mode can be written as the product of a suitable average of the nonlinear coefficients of the waveguide's constituent materials, the mode's group velocity and a new suitably defined effective mode area. None of these parameters on their own completely describe the strength of the nonlinear effects of a waveguide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahraam Afshar V
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), The University of Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
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A reflective photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor probe based on infiltration with liquid mixtures. SENSORS 2013; 13:7916-25. [PMID: 23787726 PMCID: PMC3715230 DOI: 10.3390/s130607916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a reflective photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor probe for temperature measurement has been demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally. The performance of the device depends on the intensity modulation of the optical signal by liquid mixtures infiltrated into the air holes of commercial LMA-8 PCFs. The effective mode field area and the confinement loss of the probe are both proved highly temperature-dependent based on the finite element method (FEM). The experimental results show that the reflected power exhibits a linear response with a temperature sensitivity of about 1 dB/°C. The sensor probe presents a tunable temperature sensitive range due to the concentration of the mixture components. Further research illustrates that with appropriate mixtures of liquids, the probe could be developed as a cryogenic temperature sensor. The temperature sensitivity is about 0.75 dB/°C. Such a configuration is promising for a portable, low-power and all-in-fiber device for temperature or refractive index monitoring in chemical or biosensing applications.
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Afshar V S, Lohe MA, Zhang WQ, Monro TM. Full vectorial analysis of polarization effects in optical nanowires. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:14514-14533. [PMID: 22714513 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.014514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We develop a full theoretical analysis of the nonlinear interactions of the two polarizations of a waveguide by means of a vectorial model of pulse propagation which applies to high index subwavelength waveguides. In such waveguides there is an anisotropy in the nonlinear behavior of the two polarizations that originates entirely from the waveguide structure, and leads to switching properties. We determine the stability properties of the steady state solutions by means of a Lagrangian formulation. We find all static solutions of the nonlinear system, including those that are periodic with respect to the optical fiber length as well as nonperiodic soliton solutions, and analyze these solutions by means of a Hamiltonian formulation. We discuss in particular the switching solutions which lie near the unstable steady states, since they lead to self-polarization flipping which can in principle be employed to construct fast optical switches and optical logic gates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahraam Afshar V
- Institute for Photonics & Advanced Sensing (IPAS), The University of Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
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Wang Y, Richardson D, Brambilla G, Feng X, Petrovich M, Ding M, Song Z. Intensity measurement bend sensors based on periodically tapered soft glass fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:558-60. [PMID: 21326455 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.000558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a technique for tapering periodically an all-solid soft glass fiber, consisting of two types of lead silicate glasses, by the use of a focused CO(2) laser beam and investigate the bend sensing applications of the periodically tapered soft glass fiber. Such a soft glass fiber with periodic microtapers could be used to develop promising bend sensors with a sensitivity of -27.75 μW/m(-1) by means of measuring the bend-induced change of light intensity. The proposed bend sensor exhibits a very low measurement error of down to ±1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wang
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Fedotov AB, Voronin AA, Fedotov IV, Ivanov AA, Zheltikov AM. Powerful wavelength-tunable ultrashort solitons in a solid-core photonic-crystal fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2009; 34:851-853. [PMID: 19282954 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.000851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A solid-core photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) with an effective mode area of 20 microm2 is used to demonstrate the generation of sub-100-kW, 30-70 fs wavelength-tunable solitons within a wavelength range of 1300-1800 nm at a repetition rate of 18 MHz. An energy of 2.9 nJ per pulse is achieved for a 35 fs soliton PCF output centered at 1770 nm. Our numerical analysis supports experimental findings and suggests that frequency-shifted solitons in solid-core PCFs can be scaled up to a submegawatt level of peak powers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Fedotov
- Department of Physics, International Laser Center, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Liu J, Cheng TH, Yeo YK, Wang Y, Xue L, Xu Z, Wang D. Light beam coupling between standard single mode fibers and highly nonlinear photonic crystal fibers based on the fused biconical tapering technique. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:3115-3123. [PMID: 19259147 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.003115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate light beam coupling between a single-mode fiber (SMF) and a highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber (HN-PCF) based on the fused biconical tapering (FBT) technique. In our experiment, a standard SMF is pre-tapered to match its propagation constant to that of a HN-PCF. In order to remove the condensation in the air holes, the temperature is increased gradually to preheat the fibers. An appropriate level of hydrogen flow is administered to avoid the air-hole collapse. As a result, coupling ratio exceeding 90% between the SMF and HN-PCF is achieved. This technique avoids back Fresnel reflection, mode-field diameter (MFD) mismatch and fiber-core misalignment, bubble generation and air-hole collapse in the interface fusion splice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Liu
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
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Liu BW, Hu ML, Fang XH, Li YF, Chai L, Wang CY, Tong W, Luo J, Voronin AA, Zheltikov AM. Stabilized soliton self-frequency shift and 0.1- PHz sideband generation in a photonic-crystal fiber with an air-hole-modified core. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:14987-14996. [PMID: 18795035 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.014987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fiber dispersion and nonlinearity management strategy based on a modification of a photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) core with an air hole is shown to facilitate optimization of PCF components for a stable soliton frequency shift and subpetahertz sideband generation through four-wave mixing. Spectral recoil of an optical soliton by a red-shifted dispersive wave, generated through a soliton instability induced by high-order fiber dispersion, is shown to stabilize the soliton self-frequency shift in a highly nonlinear PCF with an air-hole-modified core relative to pump power variations. A fiber with a 2.3-microm-diameter core modified with a 0.9-microm-diameter air hole is used to demonstrate a robust soliton self-frequency shift of unamplified 50-fs Ti: sapphire laser pulses to a central wavelength of about 960 nm, which remains insensitive to variations in the pump pulse energy within the range from 60 to at least 100 pJ. In this regime of frequency shifting, intense high- and low-frequency branches of dispersive wave radiation are simultaneously observed in the spectrum of PCF output. An air-hole-modified-core PCF with appropriate dispersion and nonlinearity parameters is shown to provide efficient four-wave mixing, giving rise to Stokes and anti-Stokes sidebands whose frequency shift relative to the pump wavelength falls within the subpetahertz range, thus offering an attractive source for nonlinear Raman microspectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Liu
- Ultrafast Laser Lab, School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technical Science, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, PR China
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Eguchi M, Tsuji Y. Squeezed lattice elliptical-hole holey fiber with extremely high birefringence. OPTICS LETTERS 2008; 33:1792-1794. [PMID: 18709089 DOI: 10.1364/ol.33.001792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel highly flat elliptical-hole holey fiber with a squeezed lattice is introduced for achieving extremely high birefringence. The fiber consists of two kinds of elliptical holes with the same major axis length and different minor axis lengths for the core and cladding regions. Numerical results demonstrate a modal birefringence exceeding 0.065.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Eguchi
- Department of Photonics System Technology, Chitose Institute of Science and Technology, Chitose, Japan.
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Hilligsøe KM, Andersen T, Paulsen H, Nielsen C, Mølmer K, Keiding S, Kristiansen R, Hansen K, Larsen J. Supercontinuum generation in a photonic crystal fiber with two zero dispersion wavelengths. OPTICS EXPRESS 2004; 12:1045-1054. [PMID: 19474920 DOI: 10.1364/opex.12.001045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate supercontinuum generation in a highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber with two closely lying zero dispersion wavelengths. The special dispersion of the fiber has a profound influence on the supercontinuum which is generated through self-phase modulation and phasematched four-wave mixing and not soliton fission as in the initial photonic crystal fibers. The supercontinuum has high spectral density and is extremely independent of the input pulse over a wide range of input pulse parameters. Simulations show that the supercontinuum can be compressed to ultrashort pulses.
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Abedin KS, Kubota F. Widely tunable femtosecond soliton pulse generation at a 10-GHz repetition rate by use of the soliton self-frequency shift in photonic crystal fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2003; 28:1760-1762. [PMID: 14514092 DOI: 10.1364/ol.28.001760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a soliton self-frequency shift of approximately 120 nm in a fiber with 1.56-microm pulses generated at a 10-GHz repetition rate by an actively mode-locked laser. A highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber with a length of only 12.6 m and a nonlinear coefficient of 62 W(-1) km(-1) is used to achieve such broadband operation. The wavelengths of the resulting sub-300-fs solitons can be tuned effectively by adjusting the input power. The maximum output power of the solitons exceeds 200 mW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi S Abedin
- Ultrafast Photonic Network Group, Communications Research Laboratory, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan.
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Lee JH, Yusoff Z, Belardi W, Ibsen M, Monro TM, Richardson DJ. Investigation of Brillouin effects in small-core holey optical fiber: lasing and scattering. OPTICS LETTERS 2002; 27:927-929. [PMID: 18026326 DOI: 10.1364/ol.27.000927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate for what is believed to be the first time a Brillouin laser based on a holey fiber (HF). Using a simple Fabry-Perot resonator scheme containing a 73.5-m-long highly nonlinear HF with an effective area of 2.85 microm(2) , we obtain a threshold of 125 mW and a slope efficiency of ~70% . Stimulated and spontaneous Brillouin scattering effects are investigated in the HF, and we show that the high lasing threshold is due mainly to reduction of the effective gain coefficient caused by structural nonuniformity along the fiber length.
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Yusoff Z, Lee JH, Belardi W, Monro TM, Teh PC, Richardson DJ. Raman effects in a highly nonlinear holey fiber: amplification and modulation. OPTICS LETTERS 2002; 27:424-426. [PMID: 18007822 DOI: 10.1364/ol.27.000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate that a short length of highly nonlinear holey fiber (HF) can be used for strong L(+) -band (1610-1640-nm) Raman amplification and ultrafast signal modulation. We use a pure silica HF with an effective area of just 2.85mum(2) at 1550 nm, which yields an effective nonlinearity ~15 times higher than in conventional silica dispersion-shifted fiber. Using a 75-m length of this fiber, we obtained internal Raman gains of more than 42 dB and a noise figure of ~6 dB under a forward single-pump scheme, and the Raman gain coefficient was experimentally estimated to be 7.6 chi 10(-14)m/W . Also, an 11-dB signal extinction ratio in a Raman-induced all-optical modulation experiment was achieved with the same fiber.
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