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Pal SK, Mehta N, Mikla V, Horvat A, Minkovich V, Dahshan A. Insights into the physical aging in chalcogenide glasses: A case study of a first-generation As2Se3 binary glass. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Chatterjee R, Basu M. Efficient generation of triangular optical pulses in an erbium-doped chalcogenide fiber amplifier by exploiting the time transformation technique. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:11371-11381. [PMID: 33362062 DOI: 10.1364/ao.410148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The time transformation (TT) technique is used to study the nonlinear pulse reshaping towards triangular pulse (TP) generation by efficiently optimizing the pulse parameters in an erbium-doped chalcogenide fiber amplifier (EDCFA), for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The effects of input chirp parameter, optical gain, and dipole relaxation time are also depicted in the context of TP generation. The results obtained from the TT approach when compared with that from the nonlinear Schrodinger equation show excellent agreement. The study also reveals that spectral pulse doubling can be achieved at a shorter length when a pre-chirped Gaussian pulse is propagated through the proposed EDCFA.
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Sirleto L. Fiber Raman Amplifiers and Fiber Raman Lasers. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11121044. [PMID: 33260882 PMCID: PMC7760846 DOI: 10.3390/mi11121044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is a nonlinear optical effect, observed for the first time in 1962, which lies at the heart of fiber Raman amplifiers and fiber Raman lasers [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Sirleto
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems (ISASI), CNR, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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4
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Jackson SD, Jain RK. Fiber-based sources of coherent MIR radiation: key advances and future prospects (invited). OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:30964-31019. [PMID: 33115085 DOI: 10.1364/oe.400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mid-infrared (MIR) represents a large portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is progressively being exploited for an enormous number of applications. Thermal imaging cameras, dental and skin resurfacing lasers, and narcotics detectors at airports are all mainstream examples involving the MIR, but potential applications of MIR technologies are much larger. Accessing the unique opportunities afforded by the MIR is critically dependent on the specific characteristics of MIR emitting sources that become available. In this review, we survey an important enabling technology to the opening up of MIR science and applications, namely that driven by fiber-based sources of coherent MIR radiation. In this review paper, we describe many of the key advances in the innovation and development of such sources over the past few decades and discuss many of the underlying science and technology issues that have resulted in specific recent source achievements, especially in light of new applications enabled by these new source capabilities. We also discuss a few specific anticipated future needs and some potentially disruptive approaches to future MIR fiber source development.
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5
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Fiber Amplifiers and Fiber Lasers Based on Stimulated Raman Scattering: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030247. [PMID: 32111055 PMCID: PMC7143347 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, in fiber optic communications the growing demand in terms of transmission capacity has been fulfilling the entire spectral band of the erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). This dramatic increase in bandwidth rules out the use of EDFAs, leaving fiber Raman amplifiers (FRAs) as the key devices for future amplification requirements. On the other hand, in the field of high-power fiber lasers, a very attractive option is provided by fiber Raman lasers (FRLs), due to their high output power, high efficiency and broad gain bandwidth, covering almost the entire near-infrared region. This paper reviews the challenges, achievements and perspectives of both fiber Raman amplifier and fiber Raman laser. They are enabling technologies for implementation of high-capacity optical communication systems and for the realization of high power fiber lasers, respectively.
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Sharma V, Sharda S, Sharma N, Katyal S, Sharma P. Chemical ordering and electronic properties of lone pair chalcogenide semiconductors. PROG SOLID STATE CH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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Duhant M, Renard W, Canat G, Nguyen TN, Smektala F, Troles J, Coulombier Q, Toupin P, Brilland L, Bourdon P, Renversez G. Fourth-order cascaded Raman shift in AsSe chalcogenide suspended-core fiber pumped at 2 μm. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:2859-2861. [PMID: 21808338 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.002859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cascaded Raman wavelength shifting up to the fourth order ranging from 2092 to 2450 nm is demonstrated using a nanosecond pump at 1995 nm in a low-loss As(38)Se(62) suspended-core microstructured fiber. These four Stokes shifts are obtained with a low peak power of 11 W, and only 3 W are required to obtain three shifts. The Raman gain coefficient for the fiber is estimated to (1.6±0.5)×10(-11) m/W at 1995 nm. The positions and the amplitudes of the Raman peaks are well reproduced by the numerical simulations of the nonlinear propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Duhant
- ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab, F-91761 Palaiseau, France.
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White RT, Monro TM. Cascaded Raman shifting of high-peak-power nanosecond pulses in As₂S₃ and As₂Se₃ optical fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:2351-2353. [PMID: 21686017 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.002351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report efficient cascaded Raman scattering of near-IR nanosecond pulses in large-core (65 μm diameter) As₂S₃ and As₂Se₃ optical fibers. Raman scattering dominates other spectral broadening mechanisms, such as four-wave mixing, modulation instability, and soliton dynamics, because the fibers have large normal group-velocity dispersion in the spectral range of interest. With ~2 ns pump pulses at a wavelength of 1.9 μm, four Stokes peaks, all with peak powers greater than 1 kW, have been measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T White
- School of Chemistry & Physics and Institute for Photonics & Advanced Sensing (IPAS), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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9
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Yannopoulos SN, Kyriazis F, Chochliouros IP. Composition-dependent photosensitivity in As-S glasses induced by bandgap light: structural origin by Raman scattering. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:534-536. [PMID: 21326447 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.000534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Massive photoinduced short- and medium-range structural changes (photopolymerization) in As-S glasses are induced by near-bandgap light and studied by Raman scattering. Structural changes involve bond restructuring in sulfur-rich nanodomains of these nanoscale-phase-separated glasses. The spectral dependence of the photopolymerization effect demonstrates that various wavelengths can be used to optically change the structure of As-S glasses. The immense structural changes are relevant to recent findings about the role of bandgap light illumination for fabricating channel waveguides in noncrystalline arsenic sulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros N Yannopoulos
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes (FORTH/ICE-HT), Rio-Patras, Greece.
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10
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Troles J, Coulombier Q, Canat G, Duhant M, Renard W, Toupin P, Calvez L, Renversez G, Smektala F, El Amraoui M, Adam JL, Chartier T, Mechin D, Brilland L. Low loss microstructured chalcogenide fibers for large non linear effects at 1995 nm. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:26647-26654. [PMID: 21165015 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.026647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Microstructured optical fibers (MOFs) are traditionally prepared using the stack and draw technique. In order to avoid the interfaces problems observed in chalcogenide glasses, we have developed a new casting method to prepare the chalcogenide preform. This method allows to reach optical losses around 0.4 dB/m at 1.55 µm and less than 0.05 dB/m in the mid IR. Various As(38)Se(62) chalcogenide microstructured fibers have been prepared in order to combine large non linear index of these glasses with the mode control offered by MOF structures. Small core fibers have been drawn to enhance the non linearities. In one of these, three Stokes order have been generated by Raman scattering in a suspended core MOF pumped at 1995 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Troles
- Equipe Verres et Céramiques, UMR-CNRS 6226, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes I, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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11
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Hu J, Menyuk CR, Shaw LB, Sanghera JS, Aggarwal ID. Maximizing the bandwidth of supercontinuum generation in As2Se3 chalcogenide fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:6722-6739. [PMID: 20389694 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.006722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe in detail a procedure for maximizing the bandwidth of supercontinuum generation in As(2)Se(3) chalcogenide fibers and the physics behind this procedure. First, we determine the key parameters that govern the design. Second, we find the conditions for the fiber to be endlessly single-mode; the fiber should be endlessly single-mode to maintain high nonlinearity and low coupling loss. We find that supercontinuum generation in As(2)Se(3) fibers proceeds in two stages--an initial stage that is dominated by four-wave mixing and a later stage that is dominated by the Raman-induced soliton self-frequency shift. Third, we determine the conditions to maximize the Stokes wavelength that is generated by four-wave mixing in the initial stage. Finally, we put all these pieces together to maximize the bandwidth. We show that it is possible to generate an optical bandwidth of more than 4 microm with an input pump wavelength of 2.5 microm using an As(2)Se(3) fiber with an air-hole-diameter-to-pitch ratio of 0.4 and a pitch of 3 microm. Obtaining this bandwidth requires a careful choice of the fiber's waveguide parameters and the pulse's peak power and duration, which determine respectively the fiber's dispersion and nonlinearity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hu
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21227, USA.
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Varshney SK, Saitoh K, Iizawa K, Tsuchida Y, Koshiba M, Sinha RK. Raman amplification characteristics of As2Se3 photonic crystal fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2008; 33:2431-2433. [PMID: 18978877 DOI: 10.1364/ol.33.002431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present the dispersion and Raman amplification characteristics of As2Se3 photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). We compare the gain characteristics with conventional As2Se3 fibers and find that the Raman gain efficiency in PCFs can be improved by a factor of more than 4. This allows us to either use a small length of the fiber or to use the low pump power to attain similar gain characteristics. Numerical simulations reveal that a peak gain of 10 dB can be achieved in a 1.1 m long PCF when it is pumped at 1.5 microm in wavelength with an input power of 500 mW.
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Tuniz A, Brawley G, Moss DJ, Eggleton BJ. Two-photon absorption effects on Raman gain in single mode As2Se3 chalcogenide glass fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:18524-18534. [PMID: 18958131 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.018524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report approximately 22 dB of Raman gain in single mode As(2)Se(3) chalcogenide glass fiber using 15 ps optical pump pulses from 1470 nm to 1560 nm. We employ a novel technique of cross-phase modulation induced sideband amplification to map out the Raman gain spectrum of this glass, and investigate the role of both degenerate and non-degenerate (ND) two-photon absorption (TPA). We find that for materials such as As(2)Se(3) where the Raman gain coefficient (gR) and TPA are comparable, it is critical to know and account for the role of both of these in order to achieve appreciable Raman gain. This is highlighted by our results, where we achieve significantly higher Raman gain at the longest pump wavelength (1560 nm), despite the fact that the Raman gain coefficient itself (gR) is smallest at this wavelength. This occurs because the TPA is significantly larger for shorter wavelengths in As(2)Se(3). We conclude, therefore, that for Raman gain applications in As(2)Se(3), L-band operation is strongly favored over C-band operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tuniz
- Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems, School of Physics, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Abedin KS. Brillouin amplification and lasing in a single-mode As2Se3 chalcogenide fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2006; 31:1615-7. [PMID: 16688238 DOI: 10.1364/ol.31.001615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Brillouin amplification and lasing are demonstrated in a single-mode As2Se3 chalcogenide fiber. A Brillouin gain of 42 dB was measured in a 4.9 m long fiber for a pump power of 68 mW at a 1.56 mum wavelength. In addition, a compact As2Se3 fiber-based Brillouin laser with a threshold power of 35 mW and a slope efficiency of 38% for nonresonant pumping is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi S Abedin
- National Institute of Information and Communactions Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
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15
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Zheltikov AM. Let there be white light: supercontinuum generation by ultrashort laser pulses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3367/ufnr.0176.200606d.0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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