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Hessenauer J, Weber K, Benedikter J, Gissibl T, Höfer J, Giessen H, Hunger D. Laser written mirror profiles for open-access fiber Fabry-Perot microcavities. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:17380-17388. [PMID: 37381474 DOI: 10.1364/oe.481685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate laser-written concave hemispherical structures produced on the endfacets of optical fibers that serve as mirror substrates for tunable open-access microcavities. We achieve finesse values of up to 200, and a mostly constant performance across the entire stability range. This enables cavity operation also close to the stability limit, where a peak quality factor of 1.5 × 104 is reached. Together with a small mode waist of 2.3 µm, the cavity achieves a Purcell factor of C ∼ 2.5, which is useful for experiments that require good lateral optical access or otherwise large separation of the mirrors. Laser-written mirror profiles can be produced with a tremendous flexibility in shape and on various surfaces, opening new possibilities for microcavities.
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2
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Observation of electronic modes in open cavity resonator. Nat Commun 2023; 14:415. [PMID: 36697407 PMCID: PMC9876930 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The resemblance between electrons and optical waves has strongly driven the advancement of mesoscopic physics, evidenced by the widespread use of terms such as fermion or electron optics. However, electron waves have yet to be understood in open cavity structures which have provided contemporary optics with rich insight towards non-Hermitian systems and complex interactions between resonance modes. Here, we report the realization of an open cavity resonator in a two-dimensional electronic system. We studied the resonant electron modes within the cavity and resolved the signatures of longitudinal and transverse quantization, showing that the modes are robust despite the cavity being highly coupled to the open background continuum. The transverse modes were investigated by applying a controlled deformation to the cavity, and their spatial distributions were further analyzed using magnetoconductance measurements and numerical simulation. These results lay the groundwork to exploring matter waves in the context of modern optical frameworks.
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Koks C, van Exter MP. Observation of mode-mixing in the spatial eigenmodes of an optical microcavity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:700-706. [PMID: 35209255 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a method to determine the complex coupling parameter of a two-coupled-modes system by directly measuring the coupled eigenmodes rather than their eigenvalues. This method is useful because mode-mixing can be observed even if frequency shifts can not be measured. It also allows to determine the complex coupling parameter, from which we conclude that the observed coupling is mainly conservative. We observe mode-mixing in an optical microcavity, where the modes couple primarily at the mirror surface, as confirmed by AFM measurements. The presented method is general and can be applied to other systems to measure mode coupling more accurately and to determine the nature of the coupling.
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Fang Q, Blair CD, Zhao C, Blair DG. Revealing optical loss from modal frequency degeneracy in a long optical cavity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:23902-23915. [PMID: 34614646 DOI: 10.1364/oe.430276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical loss plays a significant role in optical experiments involving optical cavities such as recycling cavities and filter cavities in laser interferometer gravitational-wave detectors. For those cavities, modal frequency degeneracy, where the fundamental and a higher order mode resonate inside the cavity simultaneously, is a potential mechanism which may bring extra optical loss to the cavity thus degrade detection sensitivity. In this paper, we report observation of modal frequency degeneracy in a large-scale suspended Fabry-Pérot cavity. The cavity g-factor is tuned by a CO2 laser heating one test mass, and the cavity finesse is obtained from a ring-down measurement of the transmitted light. We demonstrate that the modal frequency degeneracy can cause a reduction of the cavity finesse by up to ∼30%, corresponding to a ∼2-fold increase in total optical loss. To minimize optical loss in gravitational-wave detectors, the effect of modal frequency degeneracy needs to be taken into account in the design and operation of the detector.
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Utama AN, Chow CH, Nguyen CH, Kurtsiefer C. Coupling light to higher order transverse modes of a near-concentric optical cavity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:8130-8141. [PMID: 33820265 DOI: 10.1364/oe.413737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Optical cavities in the near-concentric regime have near-degenerate transverse modes; the tight focusing transverse modes in this regime enable strong coupling with atoms. These features provide an interesting platform to explore multi-mode interaction between atoms and light. Here, we use a spatial light modulator (SLM) to shape the phase of an incoming light beam to match several Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes of a near-concentric optical cavity. We demonstrate coupling efficiency close to the theoretical prediction for single LG modes and well-defined combinations of them, limited mainly by imperfections in the cavity alignment.
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Amoudry L, Wang H, Cassou K, Chiche R, Dupraz K, Martens A, Nutarelli D, Soskov V, Zomer F. Modal instability suppression in a high-average-power and high-finesse Fabry-Perot cavity. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:116-121. [PMID: 32225276 DOI: 10.1364/ao.59.000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An experimental method to remove modal instabilities induced by thermoelastic deformation in optical high-finesse resonators is presented and experimentally investigated in this paper. The method is found suitable for multi-mirror folded monolithic and compact cavities, such as those used in the particle accelerator environment. It is also suitable for very high stacked average power. Here we demonstrate stable operation at the 200 kW intracavity average power.
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Cao Z, Li Z, Xu F, Wu Y, Zhou Z, Tong Z, Ma W, Zhu W. Influence of Spatial Inhomogeneity of Detector Temporal Responses on the Spectral Fidelity in Continuous Wave Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E5232. [PMID: 31795193 PMCID: PMC6928631 DOI: 10.3390/s19235232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to their advantages of having a wide bandwidth, low cost, and being easy to obtain, traditional photodetectors (PDs) are being widely applied in measurements of transient signals. The spatial inhomogeneity of such PD temporal responses was measured directly to account for the PD spatial effect of decay rate due to poor alignment in continuous wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CW-CRDS) experiments. Based on the measurements of three PDs (i.e., model 1611 (Newport), model 1811 (Newport), and model PDA10CF-EC (Thorlabs)), all the temporal responses followed a tendency of declining first and then rising, and steady platforms existed for the last two PDs. Moreover, as we expected, the closer the PD center was, the faster the response. On the other hand, the initial shut-off amplitude generally reached a larger value for a faster temporal response. As a result, the spatial effect can strongly influence the spectral line shape and value, which will introduce more errors into the precise measurements of spectral parameters using the CRDS technique if this effect is not considered. The defined effective detection area (EDA) of the PDs, which was close to the active area given by manufacturers, was the key parameter that should be paid more attention by researchers. Therefore, the PD should be aligned perfectly to make sure that the EDA covers the laser spot completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhensong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zhixin Li
- School of Software, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yongqian Wu
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China;
| | - Zixin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zhaomin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Weiguang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Wenyue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.C.); (W.Z.)
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Mader M, Reichel J, Hänsch TW, Hunger D. A scanning cavity microscope. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7249. [PMID: 26105690 PMCID: PMC4491170 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging the optical properties of individual nanosystems beyond fluorescence can provide a wealth of information. However, the minute signals for absorption and dispersion are challenging to observe, and only specialized techniques requiring sophisticated noise rejection are available. Here we use signal enhancement in a high-finesse scanning optical microcavity to demonstrate ultra-sensitive imaging. Harnessing multiple interactions of probe light with a sample within an optical resonator, we achieve a 1,700-fold signal enhancement compared with diffraction-limited microscopy. We demonstrate quantitative imaging of the extinction cross-section of gold nanoparticles with a sensitivity less than 1 nm(2); we show a method to improve the spatial resolution potentially below the diffraction limit by using higher order cavity modes, and we present measurements of the birefringence and extinction contrast of gold nanorods. The demonstrated simultaneous enhancement of absorptive and dispersive signals promises intriguing potential for optical studies of nanomaterials, molecules and biological nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Mader
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Fakultät für Physik, Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jakob Reichel
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS/UPMC-Paris 6/CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Theodor W Hänsch
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Fakultät für Physik, Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David Hunger
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Fakultät für Physik, Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Silander I, Hausmaninger T, Ma W, Ehlers P, Axner O. Doppler-broadened noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectrometry down to 4 × 10⁻¹³ cm⁻¹ Hz(-1/2): implementation of a 50,000 finesse cavity. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:2004-2007. [PMID: 25927769 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.002004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on the realization of a Doppler-broadened noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectrometry (NICE-OHMS) instrumentation based on a high-finesse (50,000) cavity with a detection sensitivity of 4×10(-13) cm(-1) Hz(-1/2). For the P(e)(11) transition targeted at 1.5316 μm, this corresponds to a C(2)H(2) concentration of 240 ppq (parts-per-quadrillion) detected at 100 Torr. The setup was originally affected by recurrent dips in the cavity transmission, which were attributed to excitation of high-order transverse mode by scattering from the mirrors. The effect of these was reduced by insertion of a small pinhole in the cavity.
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Tan Z, Yang K, Long X, Zhang Y, Loock HP. Spatial coating inhomogeneity of highly reflective mirrors determined by cavity ringdown measurements. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:2917-2923. [PMID: 24921880 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.002917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The inhomogeneity of high-reflectivity mirror coatings is a potential error source in the application of the cavity ringdown technique. Here, the ringdown times for different transverse modes were recorded. Together with the observed spatial distribution of these modes the ringdown times can be used to approximately locate the position of coating defects. A simple model based on a weighted sum of Hermite-Gaussian mode functions is used to explain the experimental results.
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Carstens H, Lilienfein N, Holzberger S, Jocher C, Eidam T, Limpert J, Tünnermann A, Weitenberg J, Yost DC, Alghamdi A, Alahmed Z, Azzeer A, Apolonski A, Fill E, Krausz F, Pupeza I. Megawatt-scale average-power ultrashort pulses in an enhancement cavity. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:2595-2598. [PMID: 24784054 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.002595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate power scaling of ultrashort-pulse enhancement cavities. We propose a model for the sensitivity of a cavity design to thermal deformations of the mirrors due to the high circulating powers. Using this model and optimized cavity mirrors, we demonstrate 400 kW of average power with 250 fs pulses and 670 kW with 10 ps pulses at a central wavelength of 1040 nm and a repetition rate of 250 MHz. These results represent an average power improvement of one order of magnitude compared to state-of-the-art systems with similar pulse durations and will thus benefit numerous applications such as the further scaling of tabletop sources of hard x rays (via Thomson scattering of relativistic electrons) and of soft x rays (via high harmonic generation).
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Aminpour H, Yadegari M, Asl M, Sabbaghzadeh J. Dynamical stable cavity of side-pumped thin-disk laser with slanted sides. APPLIED OPTICS 2011; 50:811-821. [PMID: 21343959 DOI: 10.1364/ao.50.000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we use the results of finite-element analysis (FEA) of temperature distribution, deformation, and stress to provide a full three-dimensional simulation of a dynamically stable cavity by propagating wavefront into hot, thermally deformed Yb:YAG/YAG thin-disk laser, using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) split-step beam propagation method (BPM). The wave optics computation therefore delivers realistic results for important features of a laser-like intensity, phase profile, and resonator eigenvalues and higher order-eigenmodes of the laser beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Aminpour
- Iranian National Center of Laser Science and Technology, P.O. Box 14665-567, Tehran, Iran.
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Courtois J, Mohamed AK, Romanini D. High-speed off-axis Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy with a re-entrant configuration for spectral resolution enhancement. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:4845-4858. [PMID: 20389497 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.004845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of changing samples by Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) is possible using fast frequency scans of the laser and/or the cavity resonance. Mode-matched cavity excitation improves performance of fast CRDS but data-points result separated by the cavity Free Spectral Range (FSR): low pressure samples demand long cavities. We demonstrate fast CRDS with off-axis injection of a "re-entrant" resonator yielding FSR/N data-points separation. Our N = 4 short-cavity setup is found to perform well compared with other fast-CRDS implementations. Interestingly, the intrinsic chirped ringing affecting ring-down signals in mode-matched fast-CRDS disappear with off-axis injection. This is due to a fine splitting of the re-entrant-cavity degenerate groups of modes by astigmatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Courtois
- Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales, Chemin de la Hunière, 91761 Palaiseau Cedex, France.
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Kwee P, Willke B, Danzmann K. Laser power stabilization using optical ac coupling and its quantum and technical limits. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:5423-5431. [PMID: 19798384 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.005423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an active power stabilization of a Nd:YAG laser employing the optical ac-coupling scheme and derive its fundamental quantum limit. This limit is 3 dB better than the one encountered in traditional power stabilization schemes. In our experiment, the optical ac coupling improved the shot-noise-limited sensitivity of the stabilization photodetector by a factor of 11.2. With an independent photodetector, we measured a relative power stability of 3.7x10(-9) Hz(-1/2) at frequencies of around 200 kHz. A detailed investigation of the performance limit of our experiment revealed a novel noise source that disturbed the fundamental mode field in the optical resonator. This effect could be of relevance to many precision experiments using optical resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kwee
- Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
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15
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Bullington AL, Lantz BT, Fejer MM, Byer RL. Modal frequency degeneracy in thermally loaded optical resonators. APPLIED OPTICS 2008; 47:2840-2851. [PMID: 18493291 DOI: 10.1364/ao.47.002840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We observe power coupling from the fundamental mode to frequency-degenerate higher-order spatial modes in optical resonators illuminated with a 30 W laser. Thermally-induced modal frequency degeneracy facilitates power transfer from the fundamental mode to higher-order modes, reduces power coupling into the cavity, and triggers power fluctuations. Modeling thermoelastic deformation of a mirror's surface shows predicted modal frequency degeneracy to be in reasonable agreement with experimental observations. Predictions for the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) show that the circulating fundamental-mode power necessary for gravitational-wave detection is compromised at coating absorptions of 3.8 and 0.44 ppm for Enhanced and Advanced LIGO Fabry-Pérot cavities, respectively.
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Klaassen T, van Exter MP, Woerdman JP. Characterization of scattering in an optical Fabry-Perot resonator. APPLIED OPTICS 2007; 46:5210-5. [PMID: 17676133 DOI: 10.1364/ao.46.005210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Roughness-induced scattering affects the performance of a resonator. We study the scattering of a single mirror first and compare the result with the losses of a two-mirror Fabry-Perot resonator. Besides some standard tools to characterize the losses, a new method based on the spectrally averaged transmission is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Klaassen
- Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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