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Martinez GD, Li C, Staron A, Kitching J, Raman C, McGehee WR. A chip-scale atomic beam clock. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3501. [PMID: 37311737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomic beams are a longstanding technology for atom-based sensors and clocks with widespread use in commercial frequency standards. Here, we report the demonstration of a chip-scale microwave atomic beam clock using coherent population trapping (CPT) interrogation in a passively pumped atomic beam device. The beam device consists of a hermetically sealed vacuum cell fabricated from an anodically bonded stack of glass and Si wafers in which lithographically defined capillaries produce Rb atomic beams and passive pumps maintain the vacuum environment. A prototype chip-scale clock is realized using Ramsey CPT spectroscopy of the atomic beam over a 10 mm distance and demonstrates a fractional frequency stability of ≈1.2 × 10-9/[Formula: see text] for integration times, τ, from 1 s to 250 s, limited by detection noise. Optimized atomic beam clocks based on this approach may exceed the long-term stability of existing chip-scale clocks, and leading long-term systematics are predicted to limit the ultimate fractional frequency stability below 10-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela D Martinez
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chao Li
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Alexander Staron
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John Kitching
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chandra Raman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William R McGehee
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.
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Wang F, Wu J, Liang R, Wang Q, Wei Y, Cheng Y, Li Q, Cao D, Xue Q. Ultra-Stable Temperature Controller-Based Laser Wavelength Locking for Improvement in WMS Methane Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5107. [PMID: 37299833 PMCID: PMC10255239 DOI: 10.3390/s23115107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) gas detection system, the laser diode is usually stabilized at a constant temperature and driven by current injection. So, a high-precision temperature controller is indispensable in every WMS system. To eliminate wavelength drift influence and improve detection sensitivity and response speed, laser wavelength sometimes needs to be locked at the gas absorption center. In this study, we develop a temperature controller to an ultra-high stability level of 0.0005 °C, based on which a new laser wavelength locking strategy is proposed to successfully lock the laser wavelength at a CH4 absorption center of 1653.72 nm with a fluctuation of fewer than 19.7 MHz. For 500 ppm CH4 sample detection, the 1σ SNR is increased from 71.2 dB to 80.5 dB and the peak-to-peak uncertainty is improved from 1.95 ppm down to 0.17 ppm with the help of a locked laser wavelength. In addition, the wavelength-locked WMS also has the absolute advantage of fast response over a conventional wavelength-scanned WMS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fupeng Wang
- Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Marine Physical Instruments and Equipment, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (J.W.); (R.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.L.); (D.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China;
| | - Jinghua Wu
- Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Marine Physical Instruments and Equipment, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (J.W.); (R.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Rui Liang
- Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Marine Physical Instruments and Equipment, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (J.W.); (R.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China;
| | - Yubin Wei
- Laser Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250102, China;
| | - Yaopeng Cheng
- Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Marine Physical Instruments and Equipment, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (J.W.); (R.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Qian Li
- Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Marine Physical Instruments and Equipment, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (J.W.); (R.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Diansheng Cao
- Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Marine Physical Instruments and Equipment, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (J.W.); (R.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Qingsheng Xue
- Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Marine Physical Instruments and Equipment, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (J.W.); (R.L.); (Y.C.); (Q.L.); (D.C.)
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Sosa K, Oreggioni J, Failache H. Miniaturized saturated absorption spectrometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:083101. [PMID: 32872972 DOI: 10.1063/1.5144484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe a saturated absorption spectrometer that is robust and compact and requires minimum alignment, which is made possible by using a diffuse probe beam generated by a retro-reflecting film. This concept was studied and implemented in a miniaturized home-built setup that provides the same performance as an optimized table-top setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sosa
- Instituto de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de la República, J. Herrera y Reissig 565, 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - J Oreggioni
- Instituto de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de la República, J. Herrera y Reissig 565, 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - H Failache
- Instituto de Física, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de la República, J. Herrera y Reissig 565, 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Jiménez-Martínez R, Knappe S. Microfabricated Optically-Pumped Magnetometers. SMART SENSORS, MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-34070-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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