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Lopushenko I, Sieryi O, Bykov A, Meglinski I. Exploring the evolution of circular polarized light backscattered from turbid tissue-like disperse medium utilizing generalized Monte Carlo modeling approach with a combined use of Jones and Stokes-Mueller formalisms. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:052913. [PMID: 38089555 PMCID: PMC10715447 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.5.052913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Significance Phase retardation of circularly polarized light (CPL), backscattered by biological tissue, is used extensively for quantitative evaluation of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, presence of senile Alzheimer's plaques, and characterization of biotissues with optical anisotropy. The Stokes polarimetry and Mueller matrix approaches demonstrate high potential in definitive non-invasive cancer diagnosis and tissue characterization. The ultimate understanding of CPL interaction with tissues is essential for advancing medical diagnostics, optical imaging, therapeutic applications, and the development of optical instruments and devices. Aim We investigate propagation of CPL within turbid tissue-like scattering medium utilizing a combination of Jones and Stokes-Mueller formalisms in a Monte Carlo (MC) modeling approach. We explore the fundamentals of CPL memory effect and depolarization formation. Approach The generalized MC computational approach developed for polarization tracking within turbid tissue-like scattering medium is based on the iterative solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation. The approach handles helicity response of CPL scattered in turbid medium and provides explicit expressions for assessment of its polarization state. Results Evolution of CPL backscattered by tissue-like medium at different conditions of observation in terms of source-detector configuration is assessed quantitatively. The depolarization of light is presented in terms of the coherence matrix and Stokes-Mueller formalism. The obtained results reveal the origins of the helicity flip of CPL depending on the source-detector configuration and the properties of the medium and are in a good agreement with the experiment. Conclusions By integrating Jones and Stokes-Mueller formalisms, the combined MC approach allows for a more complete representation of polarization effects in complex optical systems. The developed model is suitable to imitate propagation of the light beams of different shape and profile, including Gaussian, Bessel, Hermite-Gaussian, and Laguerre-Gaussian beams, within tissue-like medium. Diverse configuration of the experimental conditions, coherent properties of light, and peculiarities of polarization can be also taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Lopushenko
- University of Oulu, Opto-Electronics and Measurement Techniques Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Oulu, Finland
| | - Oleksii Sieryi
- University of Oulu, Opto-Electronics and Measurement Techniques Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alexander Bykov
- University of Oulu, Opto-Electronics and Measurement Techniques Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Oulu, Finland
| | - Igor Meglinski
- University of Oulu, Opto-Electronics and Measurement Techniques Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Oulu, Finland
- Aston University, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Singh MD, Vitkin IA. Discriminating turbid media by scatterer size and scattering coefficient using backscattered linearly and circularly polarized light. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6831-6843. [PMID: 34858683 PMCID: PMC8606157 DOI: 10.1364/boe.438631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of scatterer size and scattering coefficient on backscattered linearly and circularly polarized light are investigated through Stokes polarimetry. High-SNR polarization modulation/synchronous detection measurements are corroborated by polarization-sensitive Monte Carlo simulations. Circular degree of polarization (DOP) is found to be sensitive to scatterer size, but is equivocal at times due to helicity flipping effects; linear DOP appears to be mostly dependent on the medium scattering coefficient. We exploit these trends to generate a DOPC - DOPL response surface which clusters turbid samples based on these medium properties. This work may prove useful in biomedicine, for example in noninvasive assessment of epithelial precancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Singh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - I. Alex Vitkin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Borovkova M, Bykov A, Popov A, Meglinski I. Role of scattering and birefringence in phase retardation revealed by locus of Stokes vector on Poincaré sphere. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-13. [PMID: 32436372 PMCID: PMC7238295 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.5.057001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Biological tissues are typically characterized by high anisotropic scattering and may also exhibit linear form birefringence. Both scattering and birefringence bias the phase shift between transverse electric field components of polarized light. These phase alterations are associated with particular structural malformations in the tissue. In fact, the majority of polarization-based techniques are unable to distinguish the nature of the phase shift induced by birefringence or scattering of light. AIM We explore the distinct contributions of scattering and birefringence in the phase retardation of circularly polarized light propagated in turbid tissue-like scattering medium. APPROACH The circularly polarized light in frame of Stokes polarimetry approach is used for the screening of biotissue phantoms and chicken skin samples. The change of optical properties in chicken skin is accomplished by optical clearing, which reduces scattering, and mechanical stretch, which induces birefringence. The change of optical properties of skin tissue is confirmed by spectrophotometric measurements and second-harmonic generation imaging. RESULTS The contributions of scattering and birefringence in the phase retardation of circularly polarized light propagated in biological tissues are distinguished by the locus of the Stokes vector mapped on the Poincaré sphere. The phase retardation of circularly polarized light due to scattering alterations is assessed. The value of birefringence in chicken skin is estimated as 0.3 × 10-3, which agrees with alternative studies. The change of birefringence of skin tissue due to mechanical stretch in the order of 10-6 is detected. CONCLUSIONS While the polarimetric parameters on their own do not allow distinguishing the contributions of scattering and birefringence, the resultant Stokes vector trajectory on the Poincaré sphere reveals the role of scattering and birefringence in the total phase retardation. The described approach, applied independently or in combination with Mueller polarimetry, can be beneficial for the advanced characterization of various types of malformations within biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Borovkova
- University of Oulu, Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
- Address all correspondence to Mariia Borovkova, E-mail: ; Igor Meglinski, E-mail:
| | - Alexander Bykov
- University of Oulu, Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alexey Popov
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Oulu, Finland
| | - Igor Meglinski
- University of Oulu, Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
- National Research Tomsk State University, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio), Moscow, Russia
- Aston University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Address all correspondence to Mariia Borovkova, E-mail: ; Igor Meglinski, E-mail:
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Dark JP, Kim AD. Asymptotic theory of circular polarization memory. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2017; 34:1642-1650. [PMID: 29036166 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.34.001642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We establish a quantitative theory of circular polarization memory, which is the unexpected persistence of the incident circular polarization state in a strongly scattering medium. Using an asymptotic analysis of the three-dimensional vector radiative transfer equation (VRTE) in the limit of strong scattering, we find that circular polarization memory must occur in a boundary layer near the portion of the boundary on which polarized light is incident. The boundary layer solution satisfies a one-dimensional conservative scattering VRTE. Through a spectral analysis of this boundary layer problem, we introduce the dominant mode, which is the slowest-decaying mode in the boundary layer. To observe circular polarization memory for a particular set of optical parameters, we find that this dominant mode must pass three tests: (1) this dominant mode is given by the largest, discrete eigenvalue of a reduced problem that corresponds to Fourier mode k=0 in the azimuthal angle, and depends only on Stokes parameters U and V; (2) the polarization state of this dominant mode is largely circular polarized so that |V|≫|U|; and (3) the circular polarization of this dominant mode is maintained for all directions so that V is sign-definite. By applying these three tests to numerical calculations for monodisperse distributions of Mie scatterers, we determine the values of the size and relative refractive index when circular polarization memory occurs. In addition, we identify a reduced, scalar-like problem that provides an accurate approximation for the dominant mode when circular polarization memory occurs.
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Bailey MJ, Sokolov K. Depth-resolved measurements with elliptically polarized reflectance spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:2861-76. [PMID: 27446712 PMCID: PMC4948636 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability of elliptical polarized reflectance spectroscopy (EPRS) to detect spectroscopic alterations in tissue mimicking phantoms and in biological tissue in situ is demonstrated. It is shown that there is a linear relationship between light penetration depth and ellipticity. This dependence is used to demonstrate the feasibility of a depth-resolved spectroscopic imaging using EPRS. The advantages and drawbacks of EPRS in evaluation of biological tissue are analyzed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Bailey
- Department of Imaging Physics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Konstantin Sokolov
- Department of Imaging Physics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Tuchin VV. Polarized light interaction with tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:71114. [PMID: 27121763 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.7.071114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial-review introduces the fundamentals of polarized light interaction with biological tissues and presents some of the recent key polarization optical methods that have made possible the quantitative studies essential for biomedical diagnostics. Tissue structures and the corresponding models showing linear and circular birefringence, dichroism, and chirality are analyzed. As the basis for a quantitative description of the interaction of polarized light with tissues, the theory of polarization transfer in a random medium is used. This theory employs the modified transfer equation for Stokes parameters to predict the polarization properties of single- and multiple-scattered optical fields. The near-order of scatterers in tissues is accounted for to provide an adequate description of tissue polarization properties. Biomedical diagnostic techniques based on polarized light detection, including polarization imaging and spectroscopy, amplitude and intensity light scattering matrix measurements, and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography are described. Examples of biomedical applications of these techniques for early diagnostics of cataracts, detection of precancer, and prediction of skin disease are presented. The substantial reduction of light scattering multiplicity at tissue optical clearing that leads to a lesser influence of scattering on the measured intrinsic polarization properties of the tissue and allows for more precise quantification of these properties is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery V Tuchin
- Saratov National Research State University, Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, 83 Astrakhanskaya street, Saratov 410012, RussiabInstitute of Precision Mechanics and Control of Russian Academy of Sciences, 24 Rabochaya street, Sarat
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Macdonald CM, Jacques SL, Meglinski IV. Circular polarization memory in polydisperse scattering media. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:033204. [PMID: 25871235 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.033204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the survival of circularly polarized light in random scattering media. The surprising persistence of this form of polarization has a known dependence on the size and refractive index of scattering particles, however a general description regarding polydisperse media is lacking. Through analysis of Mie theory, we present a means of calculating the magnitude of circular polarization memory in complex media, with total generality in the distribution of particle sizes and refractive indices. Quantification of this memory effect enables an alternate pathway toward recovering particle size distribution, based on measurements of diffusing circularly polarized light.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Macdonald
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - S L Jacques
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - I V Meglinski
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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Doronin A, Macdonald C, Meglinski I. Propagation of coherent polarized light in turbid highly scattering medium. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:025005. [PMID: 24556700 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.2.025005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Within the framework of further development of unified Monte Carlo code for the needs of biomedical optics and biophotonics, we present an approach for modeling of coherent polarized light propagation in highly scattering turbid media, such as biological tissues. The temporal coherence of light, linear and circular polarization, interference, and the helicity flip of circularly polarized light due to reflection at the medium boundary and/or backscattering events are taken into account. To achieve higher accuracy in the results and to speed up the modeling, the implementation of the code utilizes parallel computing on NVIDIA graphics processing units using Compute Unified Device Architecture. The results of the simulation of coherent linearly and circularly polarized light are presented in comparison with the results of known theoretical studies and the results of alternative modelings.
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Rogers JD, Stoyneva V, Turzhitsky V, Mutyal NN, Pradhan P, Çapoğlu İR, Backman V. Alternate formulation of enhanced backscattering as phase conjugation and diffraction: derivation and experimental observation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:11922-31. [PMID: 21716426 PMCID: PMC3319707 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.011922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced backscattering (EBS), also known as weak localization of light, is derived using the Huygens-Fresnel principle and backscattering is generally shown to be the sum of an incoherent baseline and a phase conjugated portion of the incident wave that forms EBS. The phase conjugated portion is truncated by an effective aperture described by the probability function P(s) of coherent path-pair separations. P(s) is determined by the scattering properties of the medium and so characterization of EBS can be used for metrology of scattering materials. A three dimensional intensity peak is predicted in free space at a point conjugate to the source and is experimentally observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Rogers
- Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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Savenkov SN. Mueller-matrix characterization of biological tissues. POLARIMETRIC DETECTION, CHARACTERIZATION AND REMOTE SENSING 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1636-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Ding M, Chen K. Numerical investigation on polarization characteristics of coherent enhanced backscattering using SLPSTD. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:27639-27649. [PMID: 21197038 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.027639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the polarization characteristics of coherent enhanced backscattering (EBS) using the pseudo-spectral time domain method implemented on staggered grid and local Fourier basis (SLPSTD) [Opt. Express 18, 9236 (2010)]. The studies are focused on Mie scatterers with findings profound to the understanding of polarization evolution in the scattering process. For linear polarization studies, the low-order scattering component of EBS is azimuthally anisotropic. A relationship between the degree of anisotropy and the photon's penetration depth is established to characterize the depolarization progress. For circular polarization, exact numerical solutions disclose the origin of polarization memory effect and the helicity-flipping phenomenon. The region responsible for helicity-flipping is identified. Our numerical technique can be potentially applied to subsurface imaging that explores polarization memory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ding
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Optics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Liu J, Xu Z, Song Q, Konger RL, Kim YL. Enhancement factor in low-coherence enhanced backscattering and its applications for characterizing experimental skin carcinogenesis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:037011. [PMID: 20615040 DOI: 10.1117/1.3443795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally study potential mechanisms by which the enhancement factor in low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) can probe subtle variations in radial intensity distribution in weakly scattering media. We use enhanced backscattering of light by implementing either (1) low spatial coherence illumination or (2) multiple spatially independent detections using a microlens array under spatially coherent illumination. We show that the enhancement factor in these configurations is a measure of the integrated intensity within the localized coherence or detection area, which can exhibit strong dependence on small perturbations in scattering properties. To further evaluate the utility of the LEBS enhancement factor, we use a well-established animal model of cutaneous two-stage chemical carcinogenesis. In this pilot study, we demonstrate that the LEBS enhancement factor can be substantially altered at a stage of preneoplasia. Our animal result supports the idea that early carcinogenesis can cause subtle alterations in the scattering properties that can be captured by the LEBS enhancement factor. Thus, the LEBS enhancement factor has the potential as an easily measurable biomarker in skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- Purdue University, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Liu J, Xu Z, Kim YL. Virtual pinhole-scanning spectroscopic imaging platform using low-coherence enhanced backscattering. OPTICS LETTERS 2009; 34:2387-2389. [PMID: 19684791 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.002387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present that multiple mutually independent coherence areas can be used for simultaneous spatial filtering in an imaging platform as effective as pinhole scanning. In this imaging platform, the unique combination of low-spatial-coherence illumination and differential angle imaging allows us to take advantage of low-coherence enhanced-backscattering (LEBS) phenomenon to permit self-generated optical sectioning to the subsurface in a relatively large area. We further demonstrate that LEBS spectroscopic imaging substantially minimizes cross talk among adjacent pixels, rejects the background light caused by out-of-plane scattered light, and thereby enhances image contrast and resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Xu Z, Liu J, Kim YL. Diffuse light suppression of back-directional gating imaging in high anisotropic media. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:030510. [PMID: 19566291 DOI: 10.1117/1.3156801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate that back-directional gating in an imaging setup can potentially remove unwanted diffuse light to improve the contrast of an object embedded in a high anisotropic surrounding medium. In such back-directional gating, the high anisotropic property of the surrounding medium can serve as a waveguide to deliver the incident light to the embedded object and to isolate the ballistic or snake-like light backscattered from the object in a moderate depth. We further discuss the effects of back-directional gating in the image formation in terms of the image resolution and the depth of field. Although backscattering detections of biological tissue have recently received considerable attention, we, for the first time to our knowledge, show its potential advantage for the contrast improvement in high anisotropic media.
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