1
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Zou K, Pang K, Song H, Karpov M, Su X, Zhang R, Song H, Zhou H, Kippenberg TJ, Tur M, Willner AE. Space-time wave packets with reduced divergence and tunable group velocity generated in free space after multi-mode fiber propagation. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:5695-5698. [PMID: 37910736 DOI: 10.1364/ol.504531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Previously, space-time wave packets (STWPs) have been generated in free space with reduced diffraction and a tunable group velocity by combining multiple frequency comb lines each carrying a single Bessel mode with a unique wave number. It might be potentially desirable to propagate the STWP through fiber for reconfigurable positioning. However, fiber mode coupling might degrade the output STWP and distort its propagation characteristics. In this Letter, we experimentally demonstrate STWP generation and propagation over 1-m graded-index multi-mode fiber. Fiber mode coupling is mitigated by pre-distortion according to the inverse matrix of the fiber mode coupling matrix. Measurement of the STWP at the fiber output shows that its group velocity can vary from 1.0042c to 0.9967c by tuning the wave number of the Bessel mode on each frequency. The measured time-averaged intensity profiles show that the beam radius remains similar after 150-mm free-space propagation after exiting the fiber.
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2
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Minagawa H, Yoshimura S, Terasaka K, Aramaki M. Enhancement of Doppler spectroscopy to transverse direction by using optical vortex. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15400. [PMID: 37717113 PMCID: PMC10505230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) is a valuable method for measuring particle flow velocities in plasma. However, conventional TDLAS using a plane-wave beam is sensitive only to the laser propagation direction. This limitation is particularly unfavorable for the observation of the particle transportation perpendicularly incident on the material in the plasma-material interaction. In this paper, we show for the first time that flow measurements perpendicular to the beam direction are possible by replacing the probe beam with an optical vortex beam. Because an optical vortex has a helical wavefront, particles moving in its field experience an azimuthal Doppler shift in addition to the translational Doppler shift. Assuming a uniform gas flow across the optical vortex, the azimuthal Doppler shift of the absorption spectrum observed in the beam cross-section varies sinusoidally in the azimuthal direction. The transverse flow velocity is derived from the amplitude of this sinusoidal variation. At transverse velocities above 70 m/s, the measurement errors are found to be less than 15%, with a mean absolute percentage error of less than 8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Minagawa
- College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino, Chiba, 275-8575, Japan
| | - Shinji Yoshimura
- National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Toki, Gifu, 509-5292, Japan
- Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Terasaka
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Aramaki
- College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino, Chiba, 275-8575, Japan.
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3
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Katariya V, Bhusal N, You C. Experimental Guesswork with Quantum Side Information Using Twisted Light. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6570. [PMID: 37514864 PMCID: PMC10383366 DOI: 10.3390/s23146570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Guesswork is an information-theoretic quantity which can be seen as an alternate security criterion to entropy. Recent work has established the theoretical framework for guesswork in the presence of quantum side information, which we extend both theoretically and experimentally. We consider guesswork when the side information consists of the BB84 states and their higher-dimensional generalizations. With this side information, we compute the guesswork for two different scenarios for each dimension. We then performed a proof-of-principle experiment using Laguerre-Gauss modes to experimentally compute the guesswork for higher-dimensional generalizations of the BB84 states. We find that our experimental results agree closely with our theoretical predictions. This work shows that guesswork can be a viable security criterion in cryptographic tasks and is experimentally accessible in a number of optical setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Katariya
- Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics & Astronomy, and Center for Computation & Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Narayan Bhusal
- Quantum Photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Chenglong You
- Quantum Photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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4
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Yun X, Liang Y, He M, Guo L, Zhang X, Zhao T, Bianco PR, Lei M. Zero-order free holographic optical tweezers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:19613-19621. [PMID: 37381372 PMCID: PMC10316752 DOI: 10.1364/oe.489014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Holographic optical tweezers (HOTs) use spatial light modulators (SLM) to modulate light beams, thereby enabling the dynamic control of optical trap arrays with complex intensity and phase distributions. This has provided exciting new opportunities for cell sorting, microstructure machining, and studying single molecules. However, the pixelated structure of the SLM will inevitably bring up the unmodulated zero-order diffraction possessing an unacceptably large fraction of the incident light beam power. This is harmful to optical trapping because of the bright, highly localized nature of the errant beam. In this paper and to address this issue, we construct a cost-effective, zero-order free HOTs apparatus, thanks to a homemade asymmetric triangle reflector and a digital lens. As there is no zero-order diffraction, the instrument performs excellently in generating complex light fields and manipulating particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yun
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yansheng Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Minru He
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Linquan Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Piero R. Bianco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Ming Lei
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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5
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Minoofar A, Zou K, Pang K, Song H, Karpov M, Yessenov M, Zhao Z, Song H, Zhou H, Su X, Kippenberg TJ, Abouraddy AF, Tur M, Willner AE. Generation of OAM-carrying space-time wave packets with time-dependent beam radii using a coherent combination of multiple LG modes on multiple frequencies. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:45267-45278. [PMID: 36522933 DOI: 10.1364/oe.472745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Space-time (ST) wave packets, in which spatial and temporal characteristics are coupled, have gained attention due to their unique propagation characteristics, such as propagation invariance and tunable group velocity in addition to their potential ability to carry orbital angular momentum (OAM). Through experiment and simulation, we explore the generation of OAM-carrying ST wave packets, with the unique property of a time-dependent beam radius at various ranges of propagation distances. To achieve this, we synthesize multiple frequency comb lines, each assigned to a coherent combination of multiple Laguerre-Gaussian (LGℓ,p) modes with the same azimuthal index but different radial indices. The time-dependent interference among the spatial modes at the different frequencies leads to the generation of the desired OAM-carrying ST wave packet with dynamically varying radii. The simulation results indicate that the dynamic range of beam radius oscillations increases with the number of modes and frequency lines. The simulated ST wave packet for OAM of orders +1 or +3 has an OAM purity of >95%. In addition, we experimentally generate and measure the OAM-carrying ST wave packets with time-dependent beam radii. In the experiment, several lines of a Kerr frequency comb are spatially modulated with the superposition of multiple LG modes and combined to generate such an ST wave packet. In the experiment, ST wave packets for OAM of orders +1 or +3 have an OAM purity of >64%. In simulation and experiment, OAM purity decreases and beam radius becomes larger over the propagation.
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6
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Sontag A, Noyan MA, Kikkawa JM. High purity orbital angular momentum of light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:43513-43521. [PMID: 36523047 DOI: 10.1364/oe.473682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel technique for generating beams of light carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) that increases mode purity and decreases singularity splitting by orders of magnitude. This technique also works to control and mitigate beam divergence within propagation distances less than the Rayleigh length. Additionally, we analyze a tunable parameter of this technique that can change the ratio of beam purity to power to fit desired specifications. Beam generation via this technique is achievable using only phase-modulating optical elements, which reduces experimental complexity and beam energy loss.
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Zou K, Su X, Yessenov M, Pang K, Karapetyan N, Karpov M, Song H, Zhang R, Zhou H, Kippenberg TJ, Tur M, Abouraddy AF, Willner AE. Tunability of space-time wave packet carrying tunable and dynamically changing OAM value. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5751-5754. [PMID: 37219320 DOI: 10.1364/ol.472363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Space-time (ST) wave packets have gained much interest due to their dynamic optical properties. Such wave packets can be generated by synthesizing frequency comb lines, each having multiple complex-weighted spatial modes, to carry dynamically changing orbital angular momentum (OAM) values. Here, we investigate the tunability of such ST wave packets by varying the number of frequency comb lines and the combinations of spatial modes on each frequency. We experimentally generate and measure the wave packets with tunable OAM values from +1 to +6 or from +1 to +4 during a ∼5.2-ps period. We also investigate, in simulation, the temporal pulse width of the ST wave packet and the nonlinear variation of the OAM values. The simulation results show that: (i) a pulse width can be narrower for the ST wave packet carrying dynamically changing OAM values using more frequency lines; and (ii) the nonlinearly varying OAM value can result in different frequency chirps along the azimuthal direction at different time instants.
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8
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Mellado-Villaseñor G, Hamzeloui S, Jiménez-Mier J, Ramírez-Martínez F. Generation of combined half-integer Bessel-like beams using synthetic phase holograms. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:9178-9185. [PMID: 36607051 DOI: 10.1364/ao.473289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the generation of combined half-integer Bessel-like (CHB) beams using synthetic phase holograms (SPHs). We assess the efficiency and accuracy of the SPHs, in the task of generating CHB beams. The proposal is illustrated by the implementation of CHB beams, which are experimentally generated in a setup based on a phase spatial light modulator. Also, we analyze, numerically and experimentally, the propagation of the generated CHB beams. As the main result, the SPHs are able to generate several CHB beams with relatively high accuracy. Additionally, it is obtained that the efficiency values of the SPHs are close to the theoretical predictions.
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9
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Kumar N, Arora A, Krishnan A. Single-shot generation of composite optical vortex beams using hybrid binary fork gratings. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:33703-33715. [PMID: 34809177 DOI: 10.1364/oe.437659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We design and experimentally demonstrate a simple, single-shot method for the generation of arbitrary composite vortex (CV) beams using hybrid binary fork gratings (hBFG). These gratings were computationally generated by removing the central region around the fork-dislocation of azimuthal charge ℓ1 and substituting it with a BFG of a different charge ℓ2. The geometrical parameters of hBFGs were optimized for the efficient generation of CV beams. The method was further extended to the generation of CV beams consisting of three different ℓ and of higher radial charges p. This simple generation method may be useful to generate complex beam shapes with engineered phase fronts without complicated interferometry based techniques.
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10
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Du Y, Liu D, Fu S, Wang Y, Qin Y. Reconfigurable generation of double-ring perfect vortex beam. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:17353-17364. [PMID: 34154280 DOI: 10.1364/oe.424664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perfect vortex beam (PVB), whose ring radius is independent of its topological charge, play an important role in optical trapping and optical communication. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the reconfigurable double-ring PVB (DR-PVB) generation with independent manipulations of the amplitude, the radius, the width, and the topological charge for each ring. Based on complex amplitude modulation (CAM) with a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM), we successfully verify the proposed DR-PVB generation scheme via the computer-generated hologram. Furthermore, we carry out a quantitative characterization for the generated DR-PVB, in terms of both the generation quality and the generation efficiency. The correlation coefficients of various reconfigurable DR-PVBs are above 0.8, together with the highest generation efficiency of 44%. We believe that, the proposed generation scheme of reconfigurable DR-PVB is desired for applications in both optical tweezers and orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing.
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11
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Kerridge-Johns WR, Jaillot JB, Damzen MJ. Sampling a vortex from a Gaussian beam using a wedge-plate shearing interferometer. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:3510-3516. [PMID: 33983259 DOI: 10.1364/ao.422625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many vortex-generation techniques have been developed to address a range of potential applications, exploiting their unique amplitude and phase profiles and their possession of orbital angular momentum. In this work, we present what may be the simplest method of vortex beam generation, requiring only a wedged optic: the wedge-plate shearing interferometer (WPSI). We show that the WPSI can reflect a first order Laguerre-Gaussian vortex beam (LG01) with a theoretical purity of >99% from an input fundamental Gaussian beam, with 98% LG01 purity experimentally demonstrated. We demonstrate 1% power conversion with a route to 14%. The monolithic WPSI is a simple, compact, and highly stable device, which can operate at any wavelength that the material is transparent to. We anticipate that it will be useful where sampling a robust, high-purity vortex beam from a Gaussian laser beam is required, including low-cost vortex generation for metrology or education.
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12
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Utama AN, Chow CH, Nguyen CH, Kurtsiefer C. Coupling light to higher order transverse modes of a near-concentric optical cavity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:8130-8141. [PMID: 33820265 DOI: 10.1364/oe.413737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Optical cavities in the near-concentric regime have near-degenerate transverse modes; the tight focusing transverse modes in this regime enable strong coupling with atoms. These features provide an interesting platform to explore multi-mode interaction between atoms and light. Here, we use a spatial light modulator (SLM) to shape the phase of an incoming light beam to match several Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes of a near-concentric optical cavity. We demonstrate coupling efficiency close to the theoretical prediction for single LG modes and well-defined combinations of them, limited mainly by imperfections in the cavity alignment.
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13
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Reduced volume and reflection for bright optical tweezers with radial Laguerre-Gauss beams. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26109-26117. [PMID: 33008884 PMCID: PMC7584898 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014017117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatially structured light has opened a wide range of opportunities for enhanced imaging as well as optical manipulation and particle confinement. Here, we show that phase-coherent illumination with superpositions of radial Laguerre-Gauss (LG) beams provides improved localization for bright optical tweezer traps, with narrowed radial and axial intensity distributions. Further, the Gouy phase shifts for sums of tightly focused radial LG fields can be exploited for phase-contrast strategies at the wavelength scale. One example developed here is the suppression of interference fringes from reflection near nanodielectric surfaces, with the promise of improved cold-atom delivery and manipulation.
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14
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Lenton ICD, Volpe G, Stilgoe AB, Nieminen TA, Rubinsztein-Dunlop H. Machine learning reveals complex behaviours in optically trapped particles. MACHINE LEARNING-SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-2153/abae76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Sanson F, Pandey AK, Papagiannouli I, Harms F, Dovillaire G, Baynard E, Demailly J, Guilbaud O, Lucas B, Neveu O, Pittman M, Ros D, Richardson M, Johnson E, Li W, Balcou P, Kazamias S. Highly multimodal structure of high topological charge extreme ultraviolet vortex beams. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4790-4793. [PMID: 32870858 DOI: 10.1364/ol.397206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Optical beams carrying orbital angular momentum are a very active field of research for their prospective applications, especially at short wavelengths. We consider here such beams produced through high-harmonic generation (HHG) in a rare gas and analyze the characterization of their high-charge vortex structure by an extreme ultraviolet Hartmann wavefront sensor. We show that such HHG beams are generally composed of a set of numerous vortex modes. The sensitivity of the intensity and phase of the HHG beam to the infrared laser aberrations is investigated using a deformable mirror.
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16
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Ikonnikov DA, Vyunishev AM. Tailoring diffraction of light carrying orbital angular momenta. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3909-3912. [PMID: 32667316 DOI: 10.1364/ol.389019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A unified approach to controlling the diffraction of light carrying orbital angular momenta (OAM) is developed and experimentally verified in this Letter. This approach allows one to specify not only the number of diffraction maxima, their spatial frequencies, and the intensity distribution between them, but also the OAM in each maximum. It is verified that the approach can be used for structuring both single and multiple beams carrying OAMs. Simulations reveal phase singularities in structured beams. In addition, the approach makes it possible to shape the light in regular and irregular two-dimensional arrays with addressing the OAMs at each site. This approach offers new opportunities for singular optics.
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17
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Remulla KIT, Hermosa N. Spatial light modulator phase calibration based on spatial mode projection. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:5624-5630. [PMID: 31503862 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.005624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spatial light modulators (SLMs), which are devices used to manipulate the phase of an incident wave front, are prolific in fields such as optical trapping, dynamic diffractive optical elements, and display technology. Of the many challenges inherent to using SLMs, one of the most ubiquitous is the calibration of the device's phase-shifting mechanism. In this paper, we present a new SLM calibration method based on spatial mode projection. We also implement a data processing technique to our data to generate accurate look-up tables from our calibration curves. We then evaluate the success of our method by propagating Laguerre-Gauss beams with computer-generated holograms. Our results show that the qualitative analysis of modes propagated using the SLM is a viable method of assessing performance. On the whole, we show that spatial mode projection provides clear performance improvements in the SLM's phase-modulating capabilities.
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18
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Nguyen CM, Kwon HS. Common-path off-axis incoherent Fourier holography with a maximum overlapping interference area. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3406-3409. [PMID: 31259972 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we present a new method for recording spatially incoherent common-path off-axis Fourier holograms. This method records the three-dimensional (3D) information of an object into a Fourier hologram without the need of any mechanical scanning with incoherent illumination. The proposed setup consists of two gratings to form a common-path configuration, and two customized cells to create a rotational and radial shearing interferometer. While the first grating is placed on the first image plane, the second grating shifts axially from the second image plane to build off-axis geometry. A lens is used to combine two beams to generate the maximum overlapping area at the hologram plane. Proof-of-concept experiments confirm the ability of such a system to achieve the maximum overlapping interference area, stability of the system against the vibration of surrounding environment, numerical reconstruction using only one fast Fourier transform, and 3D capability to capture a 3D object illuminated by an LED light.
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Lazarev G, Chen PJ, Strauss J, Fontaine N, Forbes A. Beyond the display: phase-only liquid crystal on Silicon devices and their applications in photonics [Invited]. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:16206-16249. [PMID: 31163804 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.016206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Existing for almost four decades, liquid crystal on Silicon (LCOS) technology is rapidly growing into photonic applications. We review the basics of the technology, from the wafer to the driving solutions, the progress over the last decade and the future outlook. Furthermore we review the most exciting industrial and scientific applications of the LCOS technology.
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Zhang L, Geng T, Gao X, Zhuang S, Lian J. Formation of high-quality vortex laser beams with different orbital angular momenta in the laser resonator. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2018; 35:1599-1603. [PMID: 30183016 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.35.001599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A scheme for forming high-quality vortex laser beams by employing spiral phase elements inside a laser resonator is presented theoretically. The calculated results show that the purity of the generated mode will decrease slightly as the mode order increases. However, the purity can achieve higher than 0.97 even for the high-order mode. More important, the value of the orbital angular momentum is controllable. Then, the influence of production and alignment errors, including the number of phase levels of the spiral phase elements, the surface roughness of the reflective mirrors, and the decenter of the reflective mirrors, is discussed in detail. The results show that the diffraction loss of the proposed system is more sensitive to production errors, and the purity of the generated mode is more sensitive to alignment errors. Thus, we estimate that the height of one step of the spiral structure should be less than one-fifteenth of the wavelength, the maximum surface fluctuation should be less than one-twentieth of the wavelength, and the vertical distance between the centers of the two reflective mirrors should be less than 20 μm if one wants to obtain high-quality vortex laser beams with high efficiency. The requirements for precision are acceptable for existing microfabrication and operation technologies.
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21
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Lin G, Cao Y, Ji R, Hou C, Lu Z. Direct generation of a narrow-linewidth Laguerre-Gaussian vortex laser in a monolithic nonplanar oscillator. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:4164-4167. [PMID: 30160742 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vortex laser beams carrying orbital angular momentum have been attracting a lot of interest in recent years. Here we demonstrate the direct generation of a vortex laser in a monolithic nonplanar ring cavity. The unidirectional and single-frequency operation of Laguerre-Gaussian modes is observed and characterized. Fork interferograms have been obtained using a simple interferometer based on a plano-concave lens, and the topological charge of vortex beam is determined. A spectral linewidth as narrow as 2.3 kHz is measured by beating with a reference laser. We believe that such a high coherent vortex laser can be beneficial for numerous applications, including precision measurements and optical communications.
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22
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Vyas S, Chia YH, Luo Y. Conventional volume holography for unconventional Airy beam shapes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:21979-21991. [PMID: 30130899 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.021979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing multiplexed volume holography, a single optical element, enabling to shape structural variants of non-diffracting Airy wavefronts, from one-dimensional Airy mode to unconventional Airy modes such as vortex Airy and quad Airy modes, has been experimentally realized. Here, beam shaped angularly multiplexed volume holographic gratings (AMVHGs) are recorded in PQ: PMMA photopolymer, where five different spatial wavefronts of Airy beams have been sequentially recorded, for simultaneous reconstruction of different Airy modes, by a conventional Gaussian beam. Spatial and spectral mode selective properties of AMVHGs are demonstrated by narrow-band as well as by broadband light source. In addition, through wavelength degeneracy property, the maximum sensitivity wavelength of blue (488 nm) is used for recording in PQ: PMMA, but the AMVHGs are operated at a broad wavelength band of interest, all the way to longer wavelength in near infrared (850 nm). The K-sphere representation is used to explain the spectral properties of AMVHGs.
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23
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Zhou N, Liu J, Wang J. Reconfigurable and tunable twisted light laser. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11394. [PMID: 30061594 PMCID: PMC6065430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29868-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Twisted light, having a helical spatial phase structure and carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM), has given rise to many developments ranging from optical manipulation to optical communications. The laser excitation of twisted light in a reconfigurable and tunable way is of great interest. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an OAM reconfigurable and wavelength tunable twisted light laser with achievable high-order OAM modes on a hybrid free-space and fiber platform. The excited twisted light laser is enabled by a ring resonator incorporating spatial light modulators (SLMs) and bandpass filter (BPF). By appropriately switching the phase pattern loaded onto SLMs and adjusting the BPF, twisted light laser with reconfigurable OAM and tunable wavelength is implemented. In the experiment, the OAM value is varied from -10 to +10 and the wavelength is adjusted from 1530 to 1565 nm covering the whole C band. The obtained results indicate successful implementation of a reconfigurable and tunable twisted light laser with favorable operation performance. Reconfigurable and tunable twisted light laser may open up new perspectives to more extensive OAM-enabled applications with improved flexibility and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
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24
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Nobukawa T, Muroi T, Katano Y, Kinoshita N, Ishii N. Single-shot phase-shifting incoherent digital holography with multiplexed checkerboard phase gratings. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:1698-1701. [PMID: 29652343 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.001698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Single-shot phase-shifting incoherent digital holography with multiplexed checkerboard phase gratings is proposed for acquiring holograms of moving objects. The gratings presented here play the following three roles: dividing the beams, modulating the curvature of spherical beams, and introducing different phase shifts. With the gratings of our proposed method, four individual holograms of a spatially incoherent light are formed on an image sensor. Therefore, it is possible to simultaneously capture four holograms and implement a phase-shifting technique. A proof-of-principle experiment was conducted to show the feasibility of the proposed method.
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25
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Mondal A, Yevick A, Blackburn LC, Kanellakopoulos N, Grier DG. Projecting non-diffracting waves with intermediate-plane holography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:3926-3931. [PMID: 29475249 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.003926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We introduce intermediate-plane holography, which substantially improves the ability of holographic trapping systems to project propagation-invariant modes of light using phase-only diffractive optical elements. Translating the mode-forming hologram to an intermediate plane in the optical train can reduce the need to encode amplitude variations in the field, and therefore complements well-established techniques for encoding complex-valued transfer functions into phase-only holograms. Compared to standard holographic trapping implementations, intermediate-plane holograms greatly improve diffraction efficiency and mode purity of propagation-invariant modes, and so increase their useful non-diffracting range. We demonstrate this technique through experimental realizations of accelerating modes and long-range tractor beams.
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26
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Suzuki M, Yamane K, Sakamoto M, Oka K, Toda Y, Morita R. Generation of arbitrary axisymmetrically polarized pulses by using the combination of 4-f spatial light modulator and common-path optical system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:2584-2598. [PMID: 29401796 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.002584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We proposed and constructed a system to realize broadband generation of arbitrary axisymmetrically polarized (AP) pulses with spatial complex amplitude modulation. This system employs the combination of a spatial light modulator in the 4-f configuration (4-f SLM), and a space variant wave plate as a common path interferometer. The 4-f SLM and the common path interferometer offer compensation for spatial dispersion with respect to wavelength and stability to perturbation, respectively. We experimentally demonstrated the various AP pulses generation by applying modulations of fundamental and higher-order Laguerre-Gauss modes, whose radial indices were, respectively, p = 0 and 1, with high purity, which showed that we were able to generate arbitral AP pulses with spatial complex amplitude modulation. This technique is expected to be applied in both classical and quantum communications with higher-order modes.
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27
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Li X, Ma H, Yin C, Tang J, Li H, Tang M, Wang J, Tai Y, Li X, Wang Y. Controllable mode transformation in perfect optical vortices. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:651-662. [PMID: 29401947 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel method to freely transform the modes of a perfect optical vortex (POV). By adjusting the scaling factor of the Bessel-Gauss beam at the object plane, the POV mode transformation can be easily controlled from circle to ellipse with a high mode purity. Combined with the modulation of the cone angle of an axicon, the ellipse mode can be freely adjusted along the two orthogonal directions. The properties of the "perfect vortex" are experimentally verified. Moreover, fractional elliptic POVs with versatile modes are presented, where the number and position of the gaps are controllable. These findings are significant for applications that require the complex structured optical field of the POV.
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28
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Nomoto S, Goldstein A, Vyas R, Singh S. Polarization properties of Ince-Gaussian laser beams. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2017; 34:2261-2265. [PMID: 29240103 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.34.002261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A consistent theoretical description of the polarization properties of Ince-Gauss (IG) laser beams is provided by constructing paraxial IG solutions to Maxwell equations. We confirm this description experimentally by recording both the dominant and cross-polarization components. Moreover, by experimentally confirming the evolution of the dominant and cross-polarization components as functions of ellipticity parameters, our paper extends further support to a unified treatment of the three (Laguerre-Gauss, Hermite-Gauss, and IG) families of paraxial laser beams.
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29
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Choi M, Choi J. Universal phase-only spatial light modulators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:22253-22267. [PMID: 29041539 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.022253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Universal phase-only spatial light modulators (UP-SLMs) are proposed and demonstrated by simulation and experiment. UP-SLMs, which consist of unitarily coupled electrically controllable wave plates, convert the optically anisotropic properties of the paired two wave plates into an effective single isotropic phase plate and can be realized with electrically tunable birefringence materials such as uniaxial liquid crystals (LCs). The universal approaches are applicable to any uniaxial anisotropic materials based cells, any LC cell operation modes and any incident light polarization states. Further the UP-SLMs are experimentally demonstrated even with commercial LCD panels having low geometrical rotational symmetry. These UP-SLMs will play significant roles in wave optics, communications, information displays, digital holography, quantum optics and quantum information technology by harnessing their unique capacity of modulating the only phase of linearly, circularly, elliptically, azimuthally, radially and even randomly polarized light.
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30
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Abstract
We propose space-variant uniaxial flat optical elements designed to generate pure Laguerre-Gaussian modes with arbitrary azimuthal and radial indices l and p from an incident Gaussian beam. This is done via the combined use of the dynamic and the geometric phases. Optimal design protocol for the mode conversion efficiency is derived, and the corresponding characteristics are given for -6≤l≤6 and 0≤p≤5. The obtained "modal q-plates" may find many applications whenever the radial degree of freedom of a light field is at play.
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31
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Ma H, Li X, Tai Y, Li H, Wang J, Tang M, Wang Y, Tang J, Nie Z. In situ measurement of the topological charge of a perfect vortex using the phase shift method. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:135-138. [PMID: 28059197 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose a method to determine the topological charge (TC) of a perfect vortex. With the phase shift technique, the perfect vortex and its conjugate beam exactly overlap and interfere. Consequently, the TC of a perfect vortex is determined by counting the number of interference fringes. This proposed method enables in situ determination of the TC of the perfect vortex without the need for additional optical elements, and it is immune to environmental vibration and parasitic interference.
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32
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Lu TH, Huang TD, Wang JG, Wang LW, Alfano RR. Generation of flower high-order Poincaré sphere laser beams from a spatial light modulator. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39657. [PMID: 28000779 PMCID: PMC5175162 DOI: 10.1038/srep39657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a new complex laser beam with inhomogeneous polarization distributions mapping onto high-order Poincaré spheres (HOPSs). The complex laser mode is achieved by superposition of Laguerre-Gaussian modes and manifests exotic flower-like localization on intensity and phase profiles. A simple optical system is used to generate a polarization-variant distribution on the complex laser mode by superposition of orthogonal circular polarizations with opposite topological charges. Numerical analyses of the polarization distribution are consistent with the experimental results. The novel flower HOPS beams can act as a new light source for photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Lu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Tingchou Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - T D Huang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Tingchou Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - J G Wang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Tingchou Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - L W Wang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Tingchou Road, Sec. 4, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - R R Alfano
- Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Physics Department, The City College of New York of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
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33
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Optical communication beyond orbital angular momentum. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27674. [PMID: 27283799 PMCID: PMC4901338 DOI: 10.1038/srep27674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mode division multiplexing (MDM) is mooted as a technology to address future bandwidth issues, and has been successfully demonstrated in free space using spatial modes with orbital angular momentum (OAM). To further increase the data transmission rate, more degrees of freedom are required to form a densely packed mode space. Here we move beyond OAM and demonstrate multiplexing and demultiplexing using both the radial and azimuthal degrees of freedom. We achieve this with a holographic approach that allows over 100 modes to be encoded on a single hologram, across a wide wavelength range, in a wavelength independent manner. Our results offer a new tool that will prove useful in realizing higher bit rates for next generation optical networks.
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34
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Bell T, Äit-Ameur K, Forbes A, Ngcobo S. Intracavity generation of low-loss radial-order Laguerre-Gaussian modes using digital holograms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1117/12.2199421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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35
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Clark TW, Offer RF, Franke-Arnold S, Arnold AS, Radwell N. Comparison of beam generation techniques using a phase only spatial light modulator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:6249-64. [PMID: 27136818 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.006249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Whether in art or for QR codes, images have proven to be both powerful and efficient carriers of information. Spatial light modulators allow an unprecedented level of control over the generation of optical fields by using digital holograms. There is no unique way of obtaining a desired light pattern however, leaving many competing methods for hologram generation. In this paper, we test six hologram generation techniques in the creation of a variety of modes as well as a photographic image: rating the methods according to obtained mode quality and power. All techniques compensate for a non-uniform mode profile of the input laser and incorporate amplitude scaling. We find that all methods perform well and stress the importance of appropriate spatial filtering. We expect these results to be of interest to those working in the contexts of microscopy, optical trapping or quantum image creation.
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36
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Chen M, Dholakia K, Mazilu M. Is there an optimal basis to maximise optical information transfer? Sci Rep 2016; 6:22821. [PMID: 26976626 PMCID: PMC4791631 DOI: 10.1038/srep22821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We establish the concept of the density of the optical degrees of freedom that may be applied to any photonics based system. As a key example of this versatile approach we explore information transfer using optical communication. We demonstrate both experimentally, theoretically and numerically that the use of a basis set with fields containing optical vortices does not increase the telecommunication capacity of an optical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhou Chen
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Kishan Dholakia
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Michael Mazilu
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
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37
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Suzuki M, Yamane K, Oka K, Toda Y, Morita R. Full Quantitative Analysis of Arbitrary Cylindrically Polarized Pulses by Using Extended Stokes Parameters. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17797. [PMID: 26657149 PMCID: PMC4674746 DOI: 10.1038/srep17797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cylindrically polarized (CP) modes are laser beam modes which have rotational symmetry of the polarization distribution around the beam axis. Considerable attention has been paid to CP modes for their various applications. In this paper, by using the extended Stokes parameters and the degree of polarization defined for the spatial distribution (DOP-SD), we fully-quantitatively characterize the spectrally-resolved polarization states of arbitrary CP (axisymmetrically polarized and higher-order cylindrically polarized) broadband pulses generated by coherent beam combining. All the generated pulse states were fully-quantitatively analyzed for the first time and proved to have high symmetry (DOP-SD ≳ 0.95) and low spectral dependence of polarization states. Moreover, we show the DOP-SD, which cannot be defined by the conventional higher-order and hybrid Stokes parameters, enables us to make a quantitative evaluation of small degradation of rotational symmetry of polarization distribution. This quantitative characterization with high precision is significant for applications of precise material processing, quantum information processing, magneto-optical storage and nonlinear spectroscopic polarimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Suzuki
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Keisaku Yamane
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Oka
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yasunori Toda
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ryuji Morita
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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38
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Bencheikh A, Fromager M, Ameur KA. Generation of Laguerre-Gaussian LGp0 beams using binary phase diffractive optical elements. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:4761-4767. [PMID: 25090215 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.004761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, considerable attention has been devoted to laser beams with specific intensity profile, i.e., non-Gaussian. In this work, we present a novel technique to generate high-radial-order Laguerre-Gaussian beams LG(p0) based on the use of a binary phase diffractive optical element (BPDOE). The latter is a phase plate made up of annular zones introducing alternatively a phase shift equal to 0 or π modeled on positions which do not coincide with the position of the zeros of the desired LG(p0) beam. The LG(p0) beams are obtained by transforming a fundamental Gaussian beam through an appropriate BPDOE. The design of the latter is based on the calculation of the Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral, and the diffracted intensity at the focus plane of a lens has been modeled analytically for the first time. The numerical simulations and experiment demonstrate a good beam quality transformation. Obtained LG(p0) are suitable for atom trap and pumping solid state laser applications.
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39
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Zhang Y, Mclaren M, Roux FS, Forbes A. Simulating quantum state engineering in spontaneous parametric down-conversion using classical light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:17039-17049. [PMID: 25090518 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.017039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple method of simulating the effect of the pumping process in spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) by modulating a classical laser beam with two spatial light modulators through a back projection setup. We simulate a wide range of pump beams for quantum state engineering and confirm that the results are in agreement with theory. Our approach offers high photon count rates, is quick to yield results and can easily be converted back to a SPDC setup. It is likely to be a useful tool before starting more complicated SPDC experiments with custom pump profiles.
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40
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Takiguchi Y, Otsu T, Inoue T, Toyoda H. Self-distortion compensation of spatial light modulator under temperature-varying conditions. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:16087-16098. [PMID: 24977862 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.016087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Conventional methods of compensating for self-distortion in liquid-crystal-on-silicon spatial light modulators (LCOS-SLM) are based on aberration correction, where the wavefront of the incident beam is modulated to compensate for aberrations caused by the imperfect optical flatness of the LCOS-SLM surface. However, the phase distribution of an LCOS-SLM varies with changes in ambient temperature and requires additional correction. We report a novel phase compensation method under temperature-varying conditions based on an orthonormal Legendre series expansion of the phase distribution. We investigated the temperature dependency by controlling the ambient temperature with an incubator and successfully corrected for self-distortion in a temperature range of 20 °C to 50 °C. Our approach has the potential to be adopted in tight-focusing applications which require wavefront modulation with very high accuracy.
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41
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Direct evidence for three-dimensional off-axis trapping with single Laguerre-Gaussian beam. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4579. [PMID: 24694781 PMCID: PMC3974130 DOI: 10.1038/srep04579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical tweezers are often applied to control the dynamics of objects by scanning light. However, there is a limitation that objects fail to track the scan when the drag exceeds the trapping force. In contrast, Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) beams can directly control the torque on objects and provide a typical model for nonequilibrium systems such as Brownian motion under external fields. Although stable “mid-water” trapping is essential for removing extrinsic hydrodynamic effects in such studies, three-dimensional trapping by LG beams has not yet been clearly established. Here we report the three-dimensional off-axis trapping of dielectric spheres using high-quality LG beams generated by a special holographic method. The trapping position was estimated as ~ half the wavelength behind the beam waist. These results establish the scientific groundwork of LG trapping and the technical basis of calibrating optical torque to provide powerful tools for studying energy-conversion mechanisms and the nonequilibrium nature of biological molecules under torque.
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42
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Arrizón V, Ruiz U, Aguirre-Olivas D, Sánchez-de-la-Llave D, Ostrovsky AS. Comparing efficiency and accuracy of the kinoform and the helical axicon as Bessel-Gauss beam generators. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2014; 31:487-492. [PMID: 24690644 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.31.000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We compare two phase optical elements that are employed to generate approximate Bessel-Gauss beams of arbitrary order. These elements are the helical axicon (HA) and the kinoform of the desired Bessel-Gauss beam. The HA generates a Bessel beam (BB) by free propagation, and the kinoform is employed in a Fourier spatial filtering optical setup. As the main result, it is obtained that the error in the BBs generated with the kinoform is smaller than the error in the beams obtained with the HA. On the other hand, it is obtained that the efficiencies of the methods are approximately 1.0 (HA) and 0.7 (kinoform).
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43
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Mirhosseini M, Magaña-Loaiza OS, Chen C, Rodenburg B, Malik M, Boyd RW. Rapid generation of light beams carrying orbital angular momentum. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:30196-203. [PMID: 24514598 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a technique for encoding both amplitude and phase variations onto a laser beam using a single digital micro-mirror device (DMD). Using this technique, we generate Laguerre-Gaussian and vortex orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) modes, along with modes in a set that is mutually unbiased with respect to the OAM basis. Additionally, we have demonstrated rapid switching among the generated modes at a speed of 4 kHz, which is much faster than the speed regularly achieved by phase-only spatial light modulators (SLMs). The dynamic control of both phase and amplitude of a laser beam is an enabling technology for classical communication and quantum key distribution (QKD) systems that employ spatial mode encoding.
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44
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Bolduc E, Bent N, Santamato E, Karimi E, Boyd RW. Exact solution to simultaneous intensity and phase encryption with a single phase-only hologram. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:3546-3549. [PMID: 24104810 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.003546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A phase-only hologram applies a modal transformation to an optical transverse spatial mode via phase encoding and intensity masking. Accurate control of the optical field crucially depends on the method employed to encode the hologram. In this Letter, we present a method to encode the amplitude and the phase of an optical field into a phase-only hologram, which allows the exact control of spatial transverse modes. Any intensity masking method modulates the amplitude and alters the phase of the optical field. Our method consists in correcting for this unwanted phase alteration by modifying the phase encryption accordingly. We experimentally verify the accuracy of our method by applying it to the generation and detection of transverse spatial modes in mutually unbiased bases of dimension two and three.
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45
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Nugrowati AM, Stam WG, Woerdman JP. Position measurement of non-integer OAM beams with structurally invariant propagation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:27429-27441. [PMID: 23262693 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.027429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a design to generate structurally propagation invariant light beams carrying non-integer orbital angular momentum (OAM) using Hermite-Laguerre-Gaussian (HLG) modes. Different from previous techniques, the symmetry axes of our beams are fixed when varying the OAM; this simplifies the calibration technique for beam positional measurement using a quadrant detector. We have also demonstrated analytically and experimentally that both the OAM value and the HLG mode orientation play an important role in the quadrant detector response. The assumption that a quadrant detector is most sensitive at the beam center does not always hold for anisotropic beam profiles, such as HLG beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Nugrowati
- Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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46
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Arrizón V, Sánchez-de-la-Llave D, Méndez G. Holographic generation of a class of nondiffracting fields with optimum efficiency. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:2154-2156. [PMID: 22660152 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.002154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the accurate generation of complex optical fields using phase holograms that provide the optimum diffraction efficiency. In each considered case, the phase modulation of the employed hologram is identical to the phase of the desired optical field. We show that periodic and quasiperiodic nondiffracting optical fields, mathematically obtained through the superposition of multiple plane waves, can be generated with high fidelity using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Arrizón
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Apartado Postal 51 y 216, Puebla PUE 72000, México.
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47
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Palima D, Glückstad J. Diffractive generalized phase contrast for adaptive phase imaging and optical security. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:1370-1377. [PMID: 22274481 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the properties of Generalized Phase Contrast (GPC) when the input phase modulation is implemented using diffractive gratings. In GPC applications for patterned illumination, the use of a dynamic diffractive optical element for encoding the GPC input phase allows for on-the-fly optimization of the input aperture parameters according to desired output characteristics. For wavefront sensing, the achieved aperture control opens a new degree of freedom for improving the accuracy of quantitative phase imaging. Diffractive GPC input modulation also fits well with grating-based optical security applications and can be used to create phase-based information channels for enhanced information security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwin Palima
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Rodrigo JA, Alieva T, Cámara A, Martínez-Matos O, Cheben P, Calvo ML. Characterization of holographically generated beams via phase retrieval based on Wigner distribution projections. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:6064-6077. [PMID: 21451630 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.006064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we propose a robust and versatile approach for the characterization of the complex field amplitude of holographically generated coherent-scalar paraxial beams. For this purpose we apply an iterative algorithm that allows recovering the phase of the generated beam from the measurement of its Wigner distribution projections. Its performance is analyzed for beams of different symmetry: Laguerre-Gaussian, Hermite-Gaussian and spiral ones, which are obtained experimentally by a computer generated hologram (CGH) implemented on a programmable spatial light modulator (SLM). Using the same method we also study the quality of their holographic recording on a highly efficient photopolymerizable glass. The proposed approach is useful for the creation of adaptive CGH that takes into account the peculiarities of the SLM, as well as for the quality control of the holographic data storage.
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Rodrigo JA, Caravaca-Aguirre AM, Alieva T, Cristóbal G, Calvo ML. Microparticle movements in optical funnels and pods. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:5232-5243. [PMID: 21445160 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.005232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional microparticle movements induced by laser beams with a funnel- and tubular pod-like structure, in the neighbourhood of the focal plane of an optical trapping setup, are experimentally studied. The funnel and pod beams constructed as coherent superpositions of helical Laguerre-Gaussian modes are synthesized by a computer generated hologram using a phase-only spatial light modulator. Particle tracking is achieved by in-line holography method which allows an accurate position measurement. It is experimentally demonstrated that the trapped particle follows different trajectories depending on the orbital angular momentum density of the beam. In particular applying the proposed pod beam the particle rotates in opposite directions during its movement in the optical trap. Possible applications of these single-beam traps for volumetric optical particle manipulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Rodrigo
- Instituto de Óptica, CSIC, Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Ando T, Matsumoto N, Ohtake Y, Takiguchi Y, Inoue T. Structure of optical singularities in coaxial superpositions of Laguerre-Gaussian modes. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2010; 27:2602-2612. [PMID: 21119745 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.27.002602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigate optical singularities in coaxial superpositions of two Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes with a common beam waist from the viewpoints of a general formulation of phase structure, experimental generation of various superposition beams, and evaluation of the generated beams' fidelity. By applying a holographic phase-amplitude modulation scheme using a phase-modulation-type spatial light modulator, output fidelity beyond 0.960 was observed under several typical conditions. Additionally, an elliptic-type folded singularity, which provides a different class of phase structures from familiar helical singularities, was predicted and observed in a superposition involving two LG modes of both radially and azimuthally higher orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Ando
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Central Research Laboratory, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamamatsu-City 434-8601, Japan.
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