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Li TJ, Ma GM, Liu M, Huang QQ, Cui H, Luo AP, Mou CB, Xu WC, Luo ZC. Revealing the pulse dynamics in a Mamyshev oscillator: from seed signal to oscillator pulse. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:39250-39260. [PMID: 38018008 DOI: 10.1364/oe.503522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The Mamyshev oscillator (MO) is a promising platform to generate high-peak-power pulse with environmentally stable operation. However, rare efforts have been dedicated to unveil the dynamics from seed signal to oscillator pulse, particularly for the multi-pulse operation. Herein, we investigate the buildup dynamics of the oscillator pulse from the seed signal in a fiber MO. It is revealed that the gain competition among the successively injected seed pulses leads to higher pump power that is required to ignite the MO, hence resulting in the higher optical gain that supports buildup of multiple oscillator pulses. The multiple oscillator pulses are identified to be evolved from the multiple seed pulses. Moreover, the dispersive Fourier transform (DFT) technique is used to reveals the real-time spectral dynamics during the starting process. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, a highly intensity-modulated pulse bunch was employed as the seed signal to reduce the gain competition effect and avoid the multi-pulse starting operation. The experimental results are verified by numerical simulations. These findings would give new insights into the pulse dynamics in MO, which will be meaningful to the communities interested in ultrafast laser technologies and nonlinear optics.
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2
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Chen B, Wei Z, Zhao R, Xiao L, Deng G, Ma W, Wang T. Combined influence of the gain and dispersion of a mode-locked fiber laser on a time-stretching analog-to-digital conversion link. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:7237-7244. [PMID: 36256345 DOI: 10.1364/ao.465024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Using theory and experiments, we demonstrated the combined influence of the spectral gain and dispersion of a dissipative soliton mode-locked fiber laser on a time-stretching analog-to-digital conversion link without an optical amplifier. The theoretical and experimental results indicate the following: first, the amplitude and envelope shape of the stretched signal are mainly affected by the spectral gain of the dissipative soliton at different central wavelengths under a radio frequency signal of 10 GHz. Second, at the higher frequency of 25 GHz, the influence of the phase shift induced by the dispersion of different spectral ranges on the amplitude of the stretched signal becomes clearer. The amplitude of the stretched signal across all spectral ranges decrease, and the envelope shape differs from that at 10 GHz. Moreover, the wavelength at the maximum amplitude of the stretched signal changes, for which the influence of the spectral dispersion is greater than that of the spectral gain. Finally, the ratio of the amplitude at 25 GHz to that at 10 GHz at different spectral ranges are different, which indicates that the amplitude of the stretched signal at different spectral ranges is affected by the phase shift by different degrees.
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3
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Shi K. New soliton dynamics revealed in the normal dispersion region. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:67. [PMID: 35322807 PMCID: PMC8943122 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Birefringence-involved phase matching is demonstrated to be a novel mechanism to generate transform limited solitary pulses in an ultrafast mode-locking fiber laser cavity with normal dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebin Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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4
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Zhou J, Qi W, Pan W, Feng Y. Dissipative soliton generation from a large anomalous dispersion ytterbium-doped fiber laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5768-5771. [PMID: 33057280 DOI: 10.1364/ol.406104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dissipative soliton (DS) is demonstrated in a large anomalous dispersion ytterbium-doped fiber laser. A chirped fiber Bragg grating is implemented into a figure-of-9 cavity to provide a large anomalous dispersion. A self-starting and stable DS operation is achieved with 3.5 nJ pulse energy and 12.9 ps pulse duration under a 26.4 MHz repetition rate. Numerical simulations reveal that the DSs presented here experience strong temporal, spectral, and chirp breathing in the cavity. Thanks to the characteristic chirp breathing, the output DS pulses can maintain a narrow spectral bandwidth of 0.17 nm. We believe that the laser design presented here has a lot of potential and could be an outstanding ultrafast seed laser solution for industrial applications including micromachining and hard-brittle material processing.
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Abstract
We report on a passively mode-locked oscillator based on an erbium-doped dual concentric core fiber combining high normal dispersion and large mode area. This large normal dispersion laser generates long pulses with 30 ps duration and 0.17 nm spectral width at 1530 nm wavelength. The source delivers an average power of 64 mW at a repetition rate of 16 MHz, corresponding to 4 nJ energy. This concept opens up new degrees of freedom in the design of mode-locked fiber lasers.
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6
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Cheng X, Huang Q, Zou C, Mou C, Yan Z, Zhou K, Zhang L. Pump-controlled flexible generation between dissipative soliton and noise-like pulses from a mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:3932-3937. [PMID: 31158212 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.003932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally investigate the alternative generation of dissipative solitons (DSs) or noise-like pulses (NLPs) from a passively mode-locked Er-doped all-fiber laser with a 45° tilted fiber grating (45° TFG). The 45° TFG serves as an in-fiber polarizer for mode locking in the all-fiber laser cavity. Under the fixed orientations of the polarization controllers, flexible generation between DSs and NLPs can be precisely controlled by adjusting the pump power only. To the best of our knowledge, the total cavity length 4.92 m of our fiber laser is the shortest one among all NLP fiber lasers. We obtain the DS with 3 dB bandwidth of 20.4 nm centered at 1577 nm and the NLP with 3 dB bandwidth of 25.2 nm centered at 1574 nm. The fundamental repetition rate of the mode-locked pulses is 42.3 MHz. This DS-NLP switchable Er-doped fiber laser can be regarded as a multifunctional optical source for diverse practical and potential applications.
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7
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Liu W, Shi H, Cui J, Xie C, Song Y, Wang C, Hu M. Single-polarization large-mode-area fiber laser mode-locked with a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:2848-2851. [PMID: 29905705 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.002848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The generation of high-power ultrashort pulses from a passively mode-locked fiber laser is reported based on the combination of a single-polarization large-mode-area (LMA) photonic crystal fiber with a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror design. The introduction of a non-reciprocal phase shift in the loop mirror enables self-starting of the mode-locked laser, while the polarizing LMA fiber supports environmentally stable high-power operation. Mode locking in the soliton-like, stretched-pulse, and all-normal-dispersion regime is characterized. The laser generates stable pulses with up to 2 W average power at a 72 MHz repetition rate, corresponding to a single-pulse energy of 28 nJ. The output pulses are dechirped to a near transform-limited duration of 152 fs. The proposed fiber oscillator presents an alternative approach to high-power ultrafast laser sources, along with environmental stability.
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8
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Kharenko DS, Zhdanov IS, Bednyakova AE, Podivilov EV, Fedoruk MP, Apolonski A, Turitsyn SK, Babin SA. All-fiber highly chirped dissipative soliton generation in the telecom range. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:3221-3224. [PMID: 28809913 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.003221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A high-energy (0.93 nJ) all-fiber erbium femtosecond oscillator operating in the telecom spectral range is proposed and realized. The laser cavity, built of commercially available fibers and components, combines polarization maintaining (PM) and non-PM parts providing stable generation of highly chirped (chirp parameter 40) pulses compressed in an output piece of standard PM fiber to 165 fs. The results of the numerical simulation agree well with the experiment. The analyzed intracavity pulse dynamics enables the classification of the generated pulses as dissipative solitons.
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9
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Chen H, Chen SP, Jiang ZF, Hou J. 80 nJ ultrafast dissipative soliton generation in dumbbell-shaped mode-locked fiber laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:4210-4213. [PMID: 27628359 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.004210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel all-fiberized dumbbell-shaped mode-locked fiber laser was developed to directly generate 80 nJ dissipative solitons, which can be linearly compressed from 85 to 1.2 ps externally with a diffraction grating pair. The pulse peak power reached 42 kW after compression. With the most available pump power, stable dissipative soliton bundles with up to 628 nJ bundle energy were obtained. The corresponding average output power reached 2.2 W. The employment of dual-nonlinear-optical-loop mirrors and large-mode-area fibers in the cavity played an essential role in improving structural compactness and producing high-energy ultrafast pulses. To the best of our knowledge, these are the most energetic compressible dissipative solitons generated from a strictly all-fiber cavity.
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Perillo EP, McCracken JE, Fernée DC, Goldak JR, Medina FA, Miller DR, Yeh HC, Dunn AK. Deep in vivo two-photon microscopy with a low cost custom built mode-locked 1060 nm fiber laser. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:324-34. [PMID: 26977343 PMCID: PMC4771452 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate that a mode-locked ytterbium fiber laser for two-photon fluorescence microscopy can be built for $13,000. The laser emits at a wavelength of 1060 nm with a usable average power of 1 W at a repetition rate of 40 MHz and a compressed pulse width of 81 fs at the sample. The laser is used to obtain deep in vivo two-color images of layer-V pyramidal neurons expressing YFP and vasculature labelled with Texas Red at depths up to 900 µm. The sub-1 µm features of dendritic spines can be resolved at a 200 µm depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P. Perillo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Justin E. McCracken
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Daniel C. Fernée
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - John R. Goldak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Flor A. Medina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - David R. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Hsin-Chih Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Andrew K. Dunn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton C0800, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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11
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12
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Lamb ES, Wise FW. Multimodal fiber source for nonlinear microscopy based on a dissipative soliton laser. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3248-55. [PMID: 26417497 PMCID: PMC4574653 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in high energy femtosecond fiber lasers have enabled robust and lower-cost sources for multiphoton-fluorescence and harmonic-generation imaging. However, picosecond pulses are better suited for Raman scattering microscopy, so the ideal multimodal source for nonlinear microcopy needs to provide both durations. Here we present spectral compression of a high-power femtosecond fiber laser as a route to producing transform-limited picosecond pulses. These pulses pump a fiber optical parametric oscillator to yield a robust fiber source capable of providing the synchronized picosecond pulse trains needed for Raman scattering microscopy. Thus, this system can be used as a multimodal platform for nonlinear microscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S. Lamb
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853,
USA
| | - Frank W. Wise
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853,
USA
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13
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Tang M, Wang H, Becheker R, Oudar JL, Gaponov D, Godin T, Hideur A. High-energy dissipative solitons generation from a large normal dispersion Er-fiber laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:1414-1417. [PMID: 25831346 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.001414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on a passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser featuring a large normal dispersion and emitting high-energy dissipative solitons. Mode-locking is stabilized by the combined actions of a high nonlinearity amplitude modulator and a narrow band spectral filter. The laser routinely delivers highly chirped pulses with more than 38 nJ energy that can be compressed down to 700 fs duration using bulk gratings. Numerical simulations confirm the experimental results and reveal the self-similar pulse evolution along the normal dispersion fibers included inside the cavity.
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14
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Wang Q, Chen Y, Miao L, Jiang G, Chen S, Liu J, Fu X, Zhao C, Zhang H. Wide spectral and wavelength-tunable dissipative soliton fiber laser with topological insulator nano-sheets self-assembly films sandwiched by PMMA polymer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:7681-93. [PMID: 25837106 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.007681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Topological insulators have been theoretically predicted as promising candidates for broadband photonics devices due to its large bulk band gap states in association with the spin-momentum-locked mass-less Dirac edge/surface states. Unlike the bulk counterpart, few-layer topological insulators possess some intrinsic optical advantages, such as low optical loss, low saturation intensity and high concentration of surface state. Herein, we use a solvothermal method to prepare few-layer Bi₂Te₃ flakes. By sandwiching few-layer Bi₂Te₃ flakes with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymer, a novel light modulation device had been successfully fabricated with high chemical and thermal stabilities as well as excellent mechanical durability, originating from the contribution of PMMA acting as buffer layers that counteract excessive mechanical bending within the fragile Bi₂Te₃ flakes. The incorporation of the as-fabricated PMMA-TI-PMMA as saturable absorber, which could bear long-term mechanical loadings, into the fiber laser cavity generated the stable dissipative soliton mode-locking with a 3-dB spectral bandwidth up to 51.62 nm and tunable wavelength range of 22 nm. Our work provides a new way of fabricating PMMA-TI-PMMA sandwiched composite structure as saturable absorber with promising applications for laser operation.
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15
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Liu L, Liao JH, Ning QY, Yu W, Luo AP, Xu SH, Luo ZC, Yang ZM, Xu WC. Wave-breaking-free pulse in an all-fiber normal-dispersion Yb-doped fiber laser under dissipative soliton resonance condition. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:27087-27092. [PMID: 24216932 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.027087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We reported on the dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) phenomenon in a mode-locked Yb-doped fiber laser by using the nonlinear polarization rotation technique. It was found that the multi-pulse oscillation under high pump power could be circumvented by properly adjusting the polarization controllers, namely, the wave-breaking-free rectangular pulse in DSR region was achieved. As the DSR signature, the pulse duration varied from 8.8 ps to 22.92 ns with the increasing pump power. Correspondingly, the maximum pulse energy was 3.24 nJ. The results demonstrated that the DSR phenomenon could exist in Yb-doped fiber lasers, which could be used to achieve wave-breaking-free, ultrahigh-energy pulse.
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16
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Xu C, Wise FW. Recent Advances in Fiber Lasers for Nonlinear Microscopy. NATURE PHOTONICS 2013; 7:10.1038/nphoton.2013.284. [PMID: 24416074 PMCID: PMC3887125 DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear microscopy techniques developed over the past two decades have provided dramatic new capabilities for biological imaging. The initial demonstrations of nonlinear microscopies coincided with the development of solid-state femtosecond lasers, which continue to dominate applications of nonlinear microscopy. Fiber lasers offer attractive features for biological and biomedical imaging, and recent advances are leading to high-performance sources with the potential for robust, inexpensive, integrated instruments. This article discusses recent advances, and identifies challenges and opportunities for fiber lasers in nonlinear bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Xu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - F W Wise
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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17
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Bednyakova AE, Babin SA, Kharenko DS, Podivilov EV, Fedoruk MP, Kalashnikov VL, Apolonski A. Evolution of dissipative solitons in a fiber laser oscillator in the presence of strong Raman scattering. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:20556-20564. [PMID: 24103928 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.020556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As recently revealed, chirped dissipative solitons (DSs) generated in a long cavity fiber laser are subject to action of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). Here we present theoretical and experimental study of the DS formation and evolution in the presence of strong SRS. The results demonstrate that the rising noisy Raman pulse (RP) acts not only as an additional channel of the energy dissipation destroying DS, but on the contrary can support it that results in formation of a complex of the bound DS and RP of comparable energy and duration. In the complex, the DS affords amplification of the RP, whereas the RP stabilizes the DS via temporal-spectral filtering. Stable 25 nJ SRS-driven chirped DS pulses are generated in all-fiber ring laser cavities with lengths of up to 120 m. The DS with duration up to 70 ps can be externally dechirped to <300 fs thus demonstrating the record compression factor.
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Deslandes P, Perrin M, Saby J, Sangla D, Salin F, Freysz E. Picosecond to femtosecond pulses from high power self mode-locked ytterbium rod-type fiber laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:10731-10738. [PMID: 23669929 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.010731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have designed an ytterbium rod-type fiber laser oscillator with tunable pulse duration. This system that delivers more than 10 W of average power is self mode-locked. It yields femtosecond to picosecond laser pulses at a repetition rate of 74 MHz. The pulse duration is adjusted by changing the spectral width of a band pass filter that is inserted in the laser cavity. Using volume Bragg gratings of 0.9 nm and 0.07 nm spectrum bandwidth, this oscillator delivers nearly Fourier limited 2.8 ps and 18.5 ps pulses, respectively. With a 4 nm interference filter, one obtains picosecond pulses that have been externally dechirped down to 130 fs.
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Wang SK, Ning QY, Luo AP, Lin ZB, Luo ZC, Xu WC. Dissipative soliton resonance in a passively mode-locked figure-eight fiber laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:2402-2407. [PMID: 23389220 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.002402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of mode-locked rectangular pulses operating in dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) region is demonstrated in an erbium-doped figure-eight fiber laser with net anomalous dispersion. The duration of the wave-breaking-free rectangular pulse broadens with the increase of pump power. At a maximum pump power of 341 mW, the pulse energy can be up to 3.25 nJ with a repetition rate of 3.54 MHz. Particularly, the spectrum of rectangular pulse operating in DSR exhibits conventional soliton sidebands. The observed results show that the formation of pulse operating in DSR region is independent of mode-locking techniques, which may be helpful for further understanding the DSR phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ke Wang
- Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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Lefrancois S, Liu CH, Stock ML, Sosnowski TS, Galvanauskas A, Wise FW. High-energy similariton fiber laser using chirally coupled core fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:43-5. [PMID: 23282832 PMCID: PMC3586740 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a high-energy amplifier similariton laser based on a chirally coupled core (3C) fiber. Chirped pulse energies up to 61 nJ at 3.3 W average power are obtained with effectively single-mode output. The pulses can be compressed with a simple grating compressor to durations below 90 fs. We demonstrate for the first time a fused pump-signal combiner to confirm the integration potential of 3C fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lefrancois
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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21
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Luo ZC, Cao WJ, Lin ZB, Cai ZR, Luo AP, Xu WC. Pulse dynamics of dissipative soliton resonance with large duration-tuning range in a fiber ring laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:4777-4779. [PMID: 23164910 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.004777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The pulse dynamics operating in dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) region is experimentally investigated in a fiber ring laser. With the increase of pump power, the pulse profile transit from sech-like to rectangular shape was observed. The generated pulse in DSR region exhibits the conventional soliton spectrum with sideband generation. The duration-tuning range of the rectangular pulse is up to the cavity roundtrip time. Particularly, during the process of pulse duration broadening it was found that the rectangular pulse would trap a weak pulse generated from cw background. The obtained results may be useful for better understanding the DSR phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chao Luo
- Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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22
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Kharenko DS, Podivilov EV, Apolonski AA, Babin SA. 20 nJ 200 fs all-fiber highly chirped dissipative soliton oscillator. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:4104-4106. [PMID: 23027293 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.004104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The dissipative solitons (DS) generated in fiber oscillators with mode-locking mechanism based on nonlinear polarization evolution in a single-mode fiber exhibit stability and energy limits at the cavity lengthening. We demonstrate an alternative approach that enables us to increase the cavity length of the DS oscillator up to 30 m, namely, by the use of a long section of polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber in an all-fiber cavity configuration. We have also identified the next limit of energy scaling related to the onset of Raman conversion of the DS spectrum. The maximum energy of the stable highly chirped DS realized with a 5.5 μm core PM fiber, amounts to ~20 nJ in ~200 fs pulses after a grating compressor. As a next step, energy scaling by means of a fiber core enlargement is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kharenko
- Institute of Automation and Electrometry, SB RAS, Koptyug Avenue 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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23
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Aguergaray C, Broderick NGR, Erkintalo M, Chen JSY, Kruglov V. Mode-locked femtosecond all-normal all-PM Yb-doped fiber laser using a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:10545-10551. [PMID: 22565680 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.010545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on a new design for a passively mode locked fibre laser employing all normal dispersion polarisation maintaining fibres operating at 1 μm. The laser produces linearly polarized, linearly chirped pulses that can be recompressed down to 344 fs. Compared to previous laser designs the cavity is mode-locked using a nonlinear amplifying fibre loop mirror that provides an additional degree of freedom allowing easy control over the pulse parameters. This is a robust laser design with excellent reliability and lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Aguergaray
- Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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24
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Sibbett W, Lagatsky AA, Brown CTA. The development and application of femtosecond laser systems. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:6989-7001. [PMID: 22453378 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.006989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Some background as well as recent progress in the development of femtosecond lasers are discussed together with a brief outline of a few representative emergent applications in biology and medicine that are underpinned by access to such sources. We also provide a short summary of other contributions in this focus issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sibbett
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.
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25
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Chichkov NB, Hapke C, Neumann J, Kracht D, Wandt D, Morgner U. Pulse duration and energy scaling of femtosecond all-normal dispersion fiber oscillators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:3844-3852. [PMID: 22418141 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.003844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the scaling properties of mode-locked all-normal dispersion fiber oscillators in terms of output pulse energy and compressed pulse duration. Experimental results are achieved by stepwise variation of the resonator dispersion, total fiber length, and the spectral filter bandwidth. Adjustment of these parameters enables pulse duration scaling down to 31 fs and increase of output pulse energy up to 84 nJ.
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26
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Renninger WH, Chong A, Wise FW. Pulse Shaping and Evolution in Normal-Dispersion Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2012; 18:389-398. [PMID: 22899881 PMCID: PMC3415714 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2011.2157462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fiber lasers mode locked with large normal group-velocity dispersion have recently achieved femtosecond pulse durations with energies and peak powers at least an order of magnitude greater than those of prior approaches. Several new mode-locking regimes have been demonstrated, including self-similar pulse propagation in passive and active fibers, dissipative solitons, and a pulse evolution that avoids wave breaking at high peak power but has not been reproduced by theoretical treatment. Here, we illustrate the main features of these new pulse-shaping mechanisms through the results of numerical simulations that agree with experimental results. We describe the features that distinguish each new mode-locking state and explain how the interplay of basic processes in the fiber produces the balance of amplitude and phase evolutions needed for stable high-energy pulses. Dissipative processes such as spectral filtering play a major role in normal-dispersion mode locking. Understanding the different mechanisms allows us to compare and contrast them, as well as to categorize them to some extent.
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27
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Wise FW. Femtosecond Fiber Lasers Based on Dissipative Processes for Nonlinear Microscopy. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2012; 18:1412-1421. [PMID: 23869163 PMCID: PMC3712536 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2011.2179919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the development of femtosecond-pulse fiber lasers with parameters appropriate for nonlinear microscopy is reviewed. Pulse-shaping in lasers with only normal-dispersion components is briefly described, and the performance of the resulting lasers is summarized. Fiber lasers based on the formation of dissipative solitons now offer performance competitive with that of solid-state lasers, but with the benefits of the fiber medium. Lasers based on self-similar pulse evolution in the gain section of a laser also offer a combination of short pulse duration and high pulse energy that will be attractive for applications in nonlinear bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W. Wise
- The School of Applied and Engineering Physics at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. (phone: 607-255-1184)
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Lecaplain C, Baumgartl M, Schreiber T, Hideur A. On the mode-locking mechanism of a dissipative- soliton fiber oscillator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:26742-26751. [PMID: 22274258 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.026742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on the generation of high-energy pulses in an all normal dispersion photonic-crystal fiber laser. Two mode-locking techniques with and without passive spectral filtering are studied both numerically and experimentally to address a roadmap for energy scaling. It is found that high-contrast passive modulation is a very promising mode-locking technique for energy scaling in dissipative-soliton laser. Moreover, this technique does not need any additional spectral filtering than the limited gain bandwidth to stabilize high-energy ultrashort pulses. The presented laser generates 110 nJ chirped pulses at 57 MHz repetition rate for an average power of 6.2 W. The output pulses could be dechirped close to the transform-limited duration of 100 fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lecaplain
- UMR 6614 CORIA, Université de Rouen, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France.
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29
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Lhermite J, Lecaplain C, Machinet G, Royon R, Hideur A, Cormier E. Mode-locked 0.5 μJ fiber laser at 976 nm. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:3819-3821. [PMID: 21964108 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.003819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on high-energy femtosecond pulse generation from an ytterbium-doped rod-type fiber oscillator emitting around 976 nm. Self-starting and stable single-pulse operation are demonstrated with 4.2 W of average output power at a repetition rate of 8.4 MHz. The resulting energy level reaches 0.5 μJ. Because of the all-normal dispersion of the laser cavity, output pulses are naturally chirped with a duration of 14 ps. External compression using diffraction gratings shortens the pulse duration down to 460 fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lhermite
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, Université de Bordeaux–CNRS–CEA, UMR 5107, 351 Cours de la Libération F-33405 Talence, France. ‐bordeaux1.fr
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30
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Nie B, Pestov D, Wise FW, Dantus M. Generation of 42-fs and 10-nJ pulses from a fiber laser with self-similar evolution in the gain segment. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:12074-80. [PMID: 21716443 PMCID: PMC3397244 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.012074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A double-clad Yb-doped all-normal-dispersion fiber laser with a narrow intra-cavity spectral filter is demonstrated to produce 22 nJ pulses at 42.5 MHz repetition rate. These pulses are characterized and compressed via mulitphoton intrapulse interference phase scan to as short as 42 fs and 10 nJ/pulse. Adaptive compression underlies the achievement of 250-kW peak power, which enables efficient second and third harmonic generation with spectra spanning 30 nm and 20 nm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Nie
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824,
USA
| | - Dmitry Pestov
- Biophotonic Solutions Inc., 1401 E. Lansing Drive, Suite 112, East Lansing, Michigan 48823,
USA
| | - Frank W. Wise
- Department of Applied Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853,
USA
| | - Marcos Dantus
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824,
USA
- Biophotonic Solutions Inc., 1401 E. Lansing Drive, Suite 112, East Lansing, Michigan 48823,
USA
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31
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Dvoyrin VV, Sorokina IT, Mashinsky VM, Ischakova LD, Dianov EM, Kalashnikov VL, Yashkov MV, Khopin VF, Guryanov AN. Tm3+-doped CW fiber laser based on a highly GeO2-doped dispersion-shifted fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:7992-7999. [PMID: 21643048 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.007992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel all-fiber laser based on a highly GeO2-doped dispersion-shifted Tm-codoped fiber, pumped at 1.56 µm wavelength and lasing at 1.862 µm wavelength with a slope efficiency up to 37% was demonstrated. The single-mode Tm-doped fiber with the 55GeO2-45SiO2 core was fabricated for the first time by MCVD technique. The laser produces spectral side bands, resulting from the four-wave mixing owing to the shift of the zero-dispersion-wavelength of the fiber to the laser wavelength, thus, making it potentially particularly attractive for dispersion management and ultrashort pulse generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Dvoyrin
- Fiber Optics Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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32
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Lefrancois S, Sosnowski TS, Liu CH, Galvanauskas A, Wise FW. Energy scaling of mode-locked fiber lasers with chirally-coupled core fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:3464-70. [PMID: 21369169 PMCID: PMC3135632 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.003464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report a mode-locked dissipative soliton laser based on large-mode-area chirally-coupled-core Yb-doped fiber. This demonstrates scaling of a fiber oscillator to large mode area in a format that directly holds the lowest-order mode and that is also compatible with standard fiber integration. With an all-normal-dispersion cavity design, chirped pulse energies above 40 nJ are obtained with dechirped durations below 200 fs. Using a shorter fiber, dechirped durations close to 100 fs are achieved at pump-limited energies. The achievement of correct energy scaling is evidence of single-transverse-mode operation, which is confirmed by beam-quality and spectral-interference measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lefrancois
- Department of Applied Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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33
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Lefrancois S, Sosnowski TS, Liu CH, Galvanauskas A, Wise FW. Energy scaling of mode-locked fiber lasers with chirally-coupled core fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:3464-3470. [PMID: 21369169 PMCID: PMC3135632 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.03464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report a mode-locked dissipative soliton laser based on large-mode-area chirally-coupled-core Yb-doped fiber. This demonstrates scaling of a fiber oscillator to large mode area in a format that directly holds the lowest-order mode and that is also compatible with standard fiber integration. With an all-normal-dispersion cavity design, chirped pulse energies above 40 nJ are obtained with dechirped durations below 200 fs. Using a shorter fiber, dechirped durations close to 100 fs are achieved at pump-limited energies. The achievement of correct energy scaling is evidence of single-transverse-mode operation, which is confirmed by beam-quality and spectral-interference measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lefrancois
- Department of Applied Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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34
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Chichkov NB, Hapke C, Hausmann K, Theeg T, Wandt D, Morgner U, Neumann J, Kracht D. 0.5 µJ pulses from a giant-chirp ytterbium fiber oscillator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:3647-3650. [PMID: 21369189 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.003647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a mode-locked all-normal dispersion ytterbium fiber oscillator with output pulse energies beyond 0.5 µJ. The oscillator is mode-locked using nonlinear polarization rotation, and stable single-pulse operation is achieved by spectral filtering inside the resonator. The oscillator generates strongly chirped output pulses at a repetition rate of 4.3 MHz which can be compressed down to 760 fs.
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35
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Baumgartl M, Jansen F, Stutzki F, Jauregui C, Ortaç B, Limpert J, Tünnermann A. High average and peak power femtosecond large-pitch photonic-crystal-fiber laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:244-6. [PMID: 21263514 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on the generation of high-average-power and high-peak-power ultrashort pulses from a mode-locked fiber laser operating in the all-normal-dispersion regime. As gain medium, a large-mode-area ytterbium-doped large-pitch photonic-crystal fiber is used. The self-starting fiber laser delivers 27 W of average power at 50.57 MHz repetition rate, resulting in 534 nJ of pulse energy. The laser produces positively chirped 2 ps output pulses, which are compressed down to sub-100 fs, leading to pulse peak powers as high as 3.2 MW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Baumgartl
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Institute of Applied Physics, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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36
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Ding E, Lefrancois S, Kutz JN, Wise FW. Scaling Fiber Lasers to Large Mode Area: An Investigation of Passive Mode-Locking Using a Multi-Mode Fiber. IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 2011; 47:597-606. [PMID: 21731106 PMCID: PMC3125541 DOI: 10.1109/jqe.2011.2107730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The mode-locking of dissipative soliton fiber lasers using large mode area fiber supporting multiple transverse modes is studied experimentally and theoretically. The averaged mode-locking dynamics in a multi-mode fiber are studied using a distributed model. The co-propagation of multiple transverse modes is governed by a system of coupled Ginzburg-Landau equations. Simulations show that stable and robust mode-locked pulses can be produced. However, the mode-locking can be destabilized by excessive higher-order mode content. Experiments using large core step-index fiber, photonic crystal fiber, and chirally-coupled core fiber show that mode-locking can be significantly disturbed in the presence of higher-order modes, resulting in lower maximum single-pulse energies. In practice, spatial mode content must be carefully controlled to achieve full pulse energy scaling. This paper demonstrates that mode-locking performance is very sensitive to the presence of multiple waveguide modes when compared to systems such as amplifiers and continuous-wave lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Ding
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Simon Lefrancois
- Department of Applied Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Jose Nathan Kutz
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Frank W. Wise
- Department of Applied Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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37
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Kalashnikov VL, Apolonski A. Energy scalability of mode-locked oscillators: a completely analytical approach to analysis. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:25757-25770. [PMID: 21164921 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.025757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A completely analytical approach to analysis of energy-scalable ultrashort-pulse oscillators operating in both normal- and anomalous-dispersion regimes is developed. The theory, based on the approximated solutions of the generalized complex nonlinear Ginzburg-Landau equation allows the problem to be reduced to a purely algebraic model, so that the oscillator characteristics are easy to trace and are completely characterized by only two parameters defining the so-called master diagram of the pulse energy scalability. The proposed theory covers all types of energy-scalable oscillators: all-normal-dispersion fiber, chirped-pulse and thin-disk solid-state ones and is validated by numerical simulations.
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38
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Chen HW, Sosnowski T, Liu CH, Chen LJ, Birge JR, Galvanauskas A, Kärtner FX, Chang G. Chirally-coupled-core Yb-fiber laser delivering 80-fs pulses with diffraction-limited beam quality warranted by a high-dispersion mirror based compressor. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:24699-24705. [PMID: 21164816 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.024699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a high-energy femtosecond laser system that incorporates two rapidly advancing technologies: chirally-coupled-core large-mode-area Yb-fiber to ensure fundamental-mode operation and high-dispersion mirrors to enable loss-free pulse compression while preserving the diffraction-limited beam quality. Mode-locking is initiated by a saturable absorber mirror and further pulse shortening is achieved by nonlinear polarization evolution. Centered at 1045 nm with 39-MHz repetition rate, the laser emits 25-nJ, positively chirped pulses with 970-mW average power. 6 bounces from double-chirped-mirrors compress these pulses down to 80 fs, close to their transform-limited duration. The loss-free compression gives rise to a diffraction-limited optical beam (M2 = 1.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wen Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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39
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Lecaplain C, Ortaç B, Machinet G, Boullet J, Baumgartl M, Schreiber T, Cormier E, Hideur A. High-energy femtosecond photonic crystal fiber laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:3156-3158. [PMID: 20890318 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.003156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the generation of high-energy high-peak power pulses in an all-normal dispersion fiber laser featuring large-mode-area photonic crystal fibers. The self-starting chirped-pulse fiber oscillator delivers 11 W of average power at 15.5 MHz repetition rate, resulting in 710 nJ of pulse energy. The output pulses are dechirped outside the cavity from 7 ps to nearly transform-limited duration of 300 fs, leading to pulse peak powers as high as 1.9 MW. Numerical simulations reveal that pulse shaping is dominated by the amplitude modulation and spectral filtering provided by a resonant semiconductor saturable absorber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lecaplain
- CNRS UMR 6614 CORIA, Université de Rouen, Avenue de l’Université, BP 12, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France.
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