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Butkutė A, Jonušauskas L. 3D Manufacturing of Glass Microstructures Using Femtosecond Laser. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:499. [PMID: 33925098 PMCID: PMC8145601 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The rapid expansion of femtosecond (fs) laser technology brought previously unavailable capabilities to laser material processing. One of the areas which benefited the most due to these advances was the 3D processing of transparent dielectrics, namely glasses and crystals. This review is dedicated to overviewing the significant advances in the field. First, the underlying physical mechanism of material interaction with ultrashort pulses is discussed, highlighting how it can be exploited for volumetric, high-precision 3D processing. Next, three distinct transparent material modification types are introduced, fundamental differences between them are explained, possible applications are highlighted. It is shown that, due to the flexibility of fs pulse fabrication, an array of structures can be produced, starting with nanophotonic elements like integrated waveguides and photonic crystals, ending with a cm-scale microfluidic system with micro-precision integrated elements. Possible limitations to each processing regime as well as how these could be overcome are discussed. Further directions for the field development are highlighted, taking into account how it could synergize with other fs-laser-based manufacturing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnė Butkutė
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, LT-10224 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Linas Jonušauskas
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, LT-10224 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
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2
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Bakhchova L, Jonušauskas L, Andrijec D, Kurachkina M, Baravykas T, Eremin A, Steinmann U. Femtosecond Laser-Based Integration of Nano-Membranes into Organ-on-a-Chip Systems. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13143076. [PMID: 32664211 PMCID: PMC7412128 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip devices are gaining popularity in medical research due to the possibility of performing extremely complex living-body-resembling research in vitro. For this reason, there is a substantial drive in developing technologies capable of producing such structures in a simple and, at the same time, flexible manner. One of the primary challenges in producing organ-on-chip devices from a manufacturing standpoint is the prevalence of layer-by-layer bonding techniques, which result in limitations relating to the applicable materials and geometries and limited repeatability. In this work, we present an improved approach, using three dimensional (3D) laser lithography for the direct integration of a functional part-the membrane-into a closed-channel system. We show that it allows the freely choice of the geometry of the membrane and its integration into a complete organ-on-a-chip system. Considerations relating to sample preparation, the writing process, and the final preparation for operation are given. Overall, we consider that the broader application of 3D laser lithography in organ-on-a-chip fabrication is the next logical step in this field's evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Bakhchova
- Institute for Automation Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-39-1675-7238
| | - Linas Jonušauskas
- Femtika Ltd., LT-10224 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.J.); (D.A.); (T.B.)
- Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dovilė Andrijec
- Femtika Ltd., LT-10224 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.J.); (D.A.); (T.B.)
| | - Marharyta Kurachkina
- Institute of Physics, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.K.); (A.E.)
| | - Tomas Baravykas
- Femtika Ltd., LT-10224 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.J.); (D.A.); (T.B.)
| | - Alexey Eremin
- Institute of Physics, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.K.); (A.E.)
| | - Ulrike Steinmann
- Institute for Automation Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
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Butkutė A, Čekanavičius L, Rimšelis G, Gailevičius D, Mizeikis V, Melninkaitis A, Baldacchini T, Jonušauskas L, Malinauskas M. Optical damage thresholds of microstructures made by laser three-dimensional nanolithography: publisher's note. OPTICS LETTERS 2020. [PMID: 32058522 DOI: 10.1364/ol.45.000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This publisher's note contains corrections to Opt. Lett.45, 13 (2020).OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.45.000013.
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Sarkar S, Samanta K, Joseph J. Method for single-shot fabrication of chiral woodpile photonic structures using phase-controlled interference lithography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:4347-4361. [PMID: 32122089 DOI: 10.1364/oe.384987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we propose a large-area, scalable and reconfigurable single-shot optical fabrication method using phase-controlled interference lithography (PCIL) to realize submicrometer chiral woodpile photonic structures. This proposed technique involves a 3 + 3 double-cone geometry with beams originated from a computed phase mask displayed on a single spatial light modulator. Simulation studies show the filtering response of such structures for linearly polarized plane wave illumination, with structural features tunable through a single parameter of interference angle. Further, these single chiral woodpile structures show dual chirality on illumination with both right circularly and left circularly polarized light through simulation. Experimentally fabricated patterns on photoresist show resemblance to the desired chiral woodpile structures.
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Abstract
Multiphoton 3D lithography is becoming a tool of choice in a wide variety of fields. Regenerative medicine is one of them. Its true 3D structuring capabilities beyond diffraction can be exploited to produce structures with diverse functionality. Furthermore, these objects can be produced from unique materials allowing expanded performance. Here, we review current trends in this research area. We pay particular attention to the interplay between the technology and materials used. Thus, we extensively discuss undergoing light-matter interactions and peculiarities of setups needed to induce it. Then, we continue with the most popular resins, photoinitiators, and general material functionalization, with emphasis on their potential usage in regenerative medicine. Furthermore, we provide extensive discussion of current advances in the field as well as prospects showing how the correct choice of the polymer can play a vital role in the structure’s functionality. Overall, this review highlights the interplay between the structure’s architecture and material choice when trying to achieve the maximum result in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Jonušauskas L, Baravykas T, Andrijec D, Gadišauskas T, Purlys V. Stitchless support-free 3D printing of free-form micromechanical structures with feature size on-demand. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17533. [PMID: 31772272 PMCID: PMC6879563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Femtosecond laser based 3D nanolithography is a powerful tool for fabricating various functional micro- and nano-objects. In this work we present several advances needed to push it from the laboratory level use to the industrial production lines. First, linear stage and galvo-scanners synchronization is employed to produce stitch-free mm-sized structures. Furthermore, it is shown that by varying objective numerical apertures (NA) from 1.4 NA to 0.45 NA, voxel size can be tuned in the range from sub μm to tens of mm, resulting in structuring rates between 1809 μm3/s and 313312 μm3/s at 1 cm/s translation velocity achieved via simultaneous movement of linear stages and scanners. Discovered voxel/throughput scaling peculiarities show good agreement to ones acquired with numerical modeling. Furthermore, support-free 3D printing of complex structures is demonstrated. It is achieved by choosing pre-polymer that is in hard gel form during laser writing and acts as a dissolvable support during manufacturing. All of this is combined to fabricate micromechanical structures. First, 1:40 aspect ratio cantilever and 1.5 mm diameter single-helix spring capable of sustaining extreme deformations for prolonged movement times (up to 10000 deformation cycles) are shown. Then, free-movable highly articulated intertwined micromechanical spider and squids (overall size up to 10 mm) are printed and their movement is tested. The presented results are discussed in the broader sense, touching on the stitching/throughput dilemma and comparing it to the standard microstereolithography. It is shown where multiphoton polymerization can outpace standard stereolithography in terms of throughput while still maintaining superior resolution and higher degree of freedom in terms of printable geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linas Jonušauskas
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, Vilnius, LT-10224, Lithuania.
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, Vilnius, LT-10223, Lithuania.
| | - Tomas Baravykas
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, Vilnius, LT-10224, Lithuania
| | - Dovilė Andrijec
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, Vilnius, LT-10224, Lithuania
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, Vilnius, LT-10223, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Gadišauskas
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, Vilnius, LT-10224, Lithuania
- The General Jonas Žemaitis Miltitary Academy of Lithuania, Šilo Str. 5A, LT-10322, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Purlys
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, Vilnius, LT-10224, Lithuania
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, Vilnius, LT-10223, Lithuania
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Li W, Meng F, Chen Y, Li YF, Huang X. Topology Optimization of Photonic and Phononic Crystals and Metamaterials: A Review. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201900017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weibai Li
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn VIC 3122 Australia
| | - Fei Meng
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn VIC 3122 Australia
| | - Yafeng Chen
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn VIC 3122 Australia
| | - Yang fan Li
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn VIC 3122 Australia
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn VIC 3122 Australia
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Wu Z, Liu Y, Hill EH, Zheng Y. Chiral metamaterials via Moiré stacking. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:18096-18112. [PMID: 30004551 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04352c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chiral metamaterials have attracted strong interest due to their versatile capabilities in spin-dependent light manipulation. Benefiting from advancements in nanofabrication and mechanistic understanding of chiroptical effects, chiral metamaterials have shown potential in a variety of applications including circular polarizers, chiral sensors, and chiroptical detectors. Recently, chiral metamaterials made by moiré stacking, superimposing two or more periodic patterns with different lattice constants or relative spatial displacement, have shown promise for chiroptical applications. The moiré chiral metamaterials (MCMs) take advantage of lattice-dependent chirality, giving cost-effective fabrication, flexible tunability, and reconfigurability superior to conventional chiral metamaterials. This feature article focuses on recent progress of MCMs. We discuss optical mechanisms, structural design, fabrication, and applications of the MCMs. We conclude with our perspectives on the future opportunities for the MCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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Enhanced sensing and conversion of ultrasonic Rayleigh waves by elastic metasurfaces. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6750. [PMID: 28754967 PMCID: PMC5533755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have heralded the introduction of metasurfaces that advantageously combine the vision of sub-wavelength wave manipulation, with the design, fabrication and size advantages associated with surface excitation. An important topic within metasurfaces is the tailored rainbow trapping and selective spatial frequency separation of electromagnetic and acoustic waves using graded metasurfaces. This frequency dependent trapping and spatial frequency segregation has implications for energy concentrators and associated energy harvesting, sensing and wave filtering techniques. Different demonstrations of acoustic and electromagnetic rainbow devices have been performed, however not for deep elastic substrates that support both shear and compressional waves, together with surface Rayleigh waves; these allow not only for Rayleigh wave rainbow effects to exist but also for mode conversion from surface into shear waves. Here we demonstrate experimentally not only elastic Rayleigh wave rainbow trapping, by taking advantage of a stop-band for surface waves, but also selective mode conversion of surface Rayleigh waves to shear waves. These experiments performed at ultrasonic frequencies, in the range of 400-600 kHz, are complemented by time domain numerical simulations. The metasurfaces we design are not limited to guided ultrasonic waves and are a general phenomenon in elastic waves that can be translated across scales.
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Ushkov AA, Shcherbakov AA. Concurrency of anisotropy and spatial dispersion in low refractive index dielectric composites. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:243-249. [PMID: 28085817 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The article demonstrates uncommon manifestation of spatial dispersion in low refractive index contrast 3D periodic dielectric composites with periods of about one tenth of the wavelength. First principles simulations by the well established plane wave method reveal that spatial dispersion leads to appearance of additional optical axes and can compensate anisotropy in certain directions.
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Moughames J, Jradi S, Chan TM, Akil S, Battie Y, Naciri AE, Herro Z, Guenneau S, Enoch S, Joly L, Cousin J, Bruyant A. Wavelength-scale light concentrator made by direct 3D laser writing of polymer metamaterials. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33627. [PMID: 27698476 PMCID: PMC5048423 DOI: 10.1038/srep33627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on the realization of functional infrared light concentrators based on a thick layer of air-polymer metamaterial with controlled pore size gradients. The design features an optimum gradient index profile leading to light focusing in the Fresnel zone of the structures for two selected operating wavelength domains near 5.6 and 10.4 μm. The metamaterial which consists in a thick polymer containing air holes with diameters ranging from λ/20 to λ/8 is made using a 3D lithography technique based on the two-photon polymerization of a homemade photopolymer. Infrared imaging of the structures reveals a tight focusing for both structures with a maximum local intensity increase by a factor of 2.5 for a concentrator volume of 1.5 λ3, slightly limited by the residual absorption of the selected polymer. Such porous and flat metamaterial structures offer interesting perspectives to increase infrared detector performance at the pixel level for imaging or sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moughames
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD, CNRS UMR 6281, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France.,Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Université Libanaise, Faculté des Sciences II, Fanar, Liban
| | - S Jradi
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD, CNRS UMR 6281, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - T M Chan
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel UMR 7249, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - S Akil
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique, Université de Lorraine, 1 Bd Arago, 57070 Metz Technopôle, France
| | - Y Battie
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique, Université de Lorraine, 1 Bd Arago, 57070 Metz Technopôle, France
| | - A En Naciri
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique, Université de Lorraine, 1 Bd Arago, 57070 Metz Technopôle, France
| | - Z Herro
- Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Université Libanaise, Faculté des Sciences II, Fanar, Liban
| | - S Guenneau
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel UMR 7249, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - S Enoch
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel UMR 7249, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - L Joly
- Groupe de Spectrométrie Moléculaire et Atmosphérique GSMA, UMR CNRS 7331, Université de Reims, U.F.R. Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Moulin de la Housse B.P. 1039, F-51687 Reims, France
| | - J Cousin
- Groupe de Spectrométrie Moléculaire et Atmosphérique GSMA, UMR CNRS 7331, Université de Reims, U.F.R. Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Moulin de la Housse B.P. 1039, F-51687 Reims, France
| | - A Bruyant
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, ICD, CNRS UMR 6281, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie CS42060, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
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Malinauskas M, Žukauskas A, Hasegawa S, Hayasaki Y, Mizeikis V, Buividas R, Juodkazis S. Ultrafast laser processing of materials: from science to industry. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16133. [PMID: 30167182 PMCID: PMC5987357 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Processing of materials by ultrashort laser pulses has evolved significantly over the last decade and is starting to reveal its scientific, technological and industrial potential. In ultrafast laser manufacturing, optical energy of tightly focused femtosecond or picosecond laser pulses can be delivered to precisely defined positions in the bulk of materials via two-/multi-photon excitation on a timescale much faster than thermal energy exchange between photoexcited electrons and lattice ions. Control of photo-ionization and thermal processes with the highest precision, inducing local photomodification in sub-100-nm-sized regions has been achieved. State-of-the-art ultrashort laser processing techniques exploit high 0.1-1 μm spatial resolution and almost unrestricted three-dimensional structuring capability. Adjustable pulse duration, spatiotemporal chirp, phase front tilt and polarization allow control of photomodification via uniquely wide parameter space. Mature opto-electrical/mechanical technologies have enabled laser processing speeds approaching meters-per-second, leading to a fast lab-to-fab transfer. The key aspects and latest achievements are reviewed with an emphasis on the fundamental relation between spatial resolution and total fabrication throughput. Emerging biomedical applications implementing micrometer feature precision over centimeter-scale scaffolds and photonic wire bonding in telecommunications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangirdas Malinauskas
- Laser Research Centre, Department of Quantum Electronics, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Albertas Žukauskas
- Laser Research Centre, Department of Quantum Electronics, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Satoshi Hasegawa
- Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University, 7-1-2 Yoto, Utsunomiya 321-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayasaki
- Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University, 7-1-2 Yoto, Utsunomiya 321-8585, Japan
| | - Vygantas Mizeikis
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-3-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Ričardas Buividas
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, ANFF, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Cheng YC, Zeng H, Trull J, Cojocaru C, Malinauskas M, Jukna T, Wiersma DS, Staliunas K. Beam focalization in reflection from flat dielectric subwavelength gratings. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:6086-6089. [PMID: 25361162 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.006086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the recently predicted effect of near-field focusing for light beams from flat dielectric subwavelength gratings (SWGs). This SWGs were designed for visible light 532 nm and fabricated by direct laser writing in a negative photoresist, with the refractive index n=1.5 and the period d=314 nm. The laterally invariant gratings can focus light beams without any optical axis to achieve the transversal invariance. We show that focal distances can be obtained up to 13 μm at normal reflection for TE polarization.
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Gagnon D, Dumont J, Déziel JL, Dubé LJ. Optimization of integrated polarization filters. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:5768-5771. [PMID: 25360980 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.005768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the design of small footprint, integrated polarization filters based on engineered photonic lattices. Using a rods-in-air lattice as a basis for a TE filter and a holes-in-slab lattice for the analogous TM filter, we are able to maximize the degree of polarization of the output beams up to 98% with a transmission efficiency greater than 75%. The proposed designs allow not only for logical polarization filtering, but can also be tailored to output an arbitrary transverse beam profile. The lattice configurations are found using a recently proposed parallel tabu search algorithm for combinatorial optimization problems in integrated photonics.
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Abstract
The control of spatial propagation properties of narrow light beams such as divergence, focusing or imaging are main objectives in optics and photonics. In this letter, we propose and demonstrate experimentally a flat focusing mirror, based on an especially designed dielectric structure without any optical axis. More generally, it also enables imaging any light pattern in reflection. The flat focusing mirror with a transversal invariance can largely increase the applicability of structured photonic materials for light beam propagation control in small-dimension photonic circuits.
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Patra SK, Adhikari S, Pal S. Investigation on bandgap, diffraction, interference, and refraction effects of photonic crystal structure in GaN/InGaN LEDs for light extraction. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:3890-3896. [PMID: 24979419 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.003890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we have made a clear differentiation among bandgap, diffraction, interference, and refraction effects in photonic crystal structures (PhCs). For observing bandgap, diffraction, and refraction effects, PhCs are considered on the top p-GaN surface of light emitting diodes (LEDs), whereas for interference effect, hole type PhCs are considered to be embedded within n-GaN layer of LED. From analysis, it is observed that at a particular lattice periodicity, for which bandgap lies within the wavelength of interest shows a significant light extraction due to inhibition of guided mode. Beyond a certain periodicity, diffraction effect starts dominating and light extraction improves further. The interference effect is observed in embedded photonic crystal LEDs, where depth of etching supports constructive interference of outward light waves. We have also shed light on refraction effects exhibited by the PhCs and whether negative refraction properties of PhCs may be useful in case of LED light extraction.
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