1
|
Cai S, Sun Y, Chu H, Yang W, Yu H, Liu L. Microlenses arrays: Fabrication, materials, and applications. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:2784-2806. [PMID: 33988282 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Microlenses have become an indispensable optical element in many optical systems. The advancement of technology has led to a wider variety of microlenses fabrication methods, but these methods suffer from, more or less, some limitations. In this article, we review the manufacturing technology of microlenses from the direct and indirect perspectives. First, we present several fabrication methods and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Then, we discuss the commonly used materials for fabricating microlenses and the applications of microlenses in various fields. Finally, we point out the prospects for the future development of microlenses and their fabrication methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiang Cai
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yalin Sun
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Honghui Chu
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li J, Wang W, Mei X, Pan A. Designable Ultratransparent and Superhydrophobic Surface of Embedded Artificial Compound Eye with Extremely Low Adhesion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:53557-53567. [PMID: 33176099 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Real-world implementation of artificial compound eye (ACE) has been limited by its poor transparency and high requirement for the stable Cassie state. In general, the improvement of surface dewetting performance sacrifices the transparency of ACE. Herein, ACE was obtained by an integrated manufacturing technology that combined photolithography, microprinting, and chemical growth. Through skillful manipulation of the fabrication process, dewetting hairs were fabricated on the top of micropillars and around the microlens. The combination of nanohairs and micropillars resulted in outstanding superhydrophobicity (∼170°), pristine lotus effect with low sliding angle (∼1°), and contact angle hysteresis (∼2°). Moreover, the surface showed almost no adhesion under a preload of 4 mN, exhibiting excellent stable Cassie state and antiadhesion performance. Furthermore, dynamic impact showed that the impacting droplet was quickly detached from the surface (contact time ∼14.1 ms) without sticking for We = 60. The designed transparency resulted in high performance of optical unit (∼99%, bare glass for comparison). Moreover, ACE exhibited better focusing and imaging capability under larger aperture diameter than microlens without nanohairs. We envision that this research presents a significant advancement in imparting superhydrophobicity and transparency to a so-far inapplicable family of optical devices for many practical outdoor applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China
| | - Xuesong Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China
| | - Aifei Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710054, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li J, Wang W, Mei X, Hou D, Pan A, Liu B, Cui J. Fabrication of Artificial Compound Eye with Controllable Field of View and Improved Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:8870-8878. [PMID: 32011852 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many arthropods have compound eyes, which are made up of numerous separate visual units (microlenses) or ommatidia. These natural compound eyes have exceptional optical properties such as wide field of view (FOV), low aberration, and fast motion tracking capability. In this paper, a large-scale artificial compound eye (ACE) is fabricated efficiently using a combination of inkjet printing and air-assisted deformation processes. Both size and geometry of the microlens are controlled via superposed drops on the substrate. The simulation results show that the light intensity of the ACE follows a systematic distribution for tilted incident light, which represents a significant improvement, compared to planar distributed microlenses. We then manufacture ACEs with different heights and diameters, and their FOVs are compared with the theoretically predicted results. The measured FOV was 50°-140°. The acceptance angles for the different ACEs are determined, and their relationship with the ratio of height to radius (H/r) of the microlens is investigated in more detail. Furthermore, the imaging properties of the microlenses with different angles of incidences are studied, which suggest a FOV up to 140° and an acceptance angle of about 50°. The microlens captures images even at an angle of incidence of about 60°. The corresponding distortion in both the x and y directions is also investigated. Our findings provide guidelines for the development and fabrication of ACEs with large FOVs and acceptance angles, which may find applications in military, robotics, medical imaging, and astronomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Xuesong Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Dongxiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Aifei Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Jianlei Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang W, Li J, Li R, Li B, Mei X, Sun X. Fabrication of Hierarchical Micro/Nano Compound Eyes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:34507-34516. [PMID: 31453679 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of a hierarchical macro-/micro-/nano compound eye is presented in this paper. This bioinspired compound (BIC) eye is obtained by an integrated manufacturing technology that combines (i) nanoimprinting, (ii) picosecond laser swelling, and (iii) air-assisted deformation. The diameter and height of nanopillars, microlens, and macrobase can be controlled precisely by fine-tuning the process parameters. The multifunctional properties of the BIC eye, such as superhydrophobicity, antireflection, and other optical characteristics, are investigated. It is found that the microlens with nanopillars can effectively improve the surface wettability with a contact angle of 152° and contact angle hysteresis of 12°, and enhance transmittance by 2% over the wavelength range of 200-1200 nm. Moreover, the final hierarchical compound eye exhibits the excellent imaging properties and a wide field-of-view of 120° without distortion. These multifunctional properties will enable the widespread application of the compound eye in diverse real-time environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Rongheng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Dearborn , Michigan 48128 , United States
| | - Benqiang Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Dearborn , Michigan 48128 , United States
| | - Xuesong Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Xuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li J, Wang W, Mei X, Pan A, Sun X, Liu B, Cui J. Artificial Compound Eyes Prepared by a Combination of Air-Assisted Deformation, Modified Laser Swelling, and Controlled Crystal Growth. ACS NANO 2019; 13:114-124. [PMID: 30623651 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the manufacturing process of bioinspired compound (BIC) eyes. The hierarchical eyes were accomplished by a combination of (i) modified laser swelling, (ii) air-assisted deformation, and (iii) controlled crystal growth. The results show that the addition of nanostructures on the surface effectively improved the water repellent performance with a contact angle (CA) of ∼160° and generally decreased the reflection by ∼25% in the wavelength range of 400-800 nm than the planar surface. Apart from these properties, the BIC eyes showed good optical performance. The convex structure has a circular shape and aspherical profile; this provides optical uniformity and constant resolution (full width at half-maximum = 1.9 μm) in all the directions. Furthermore, the BIC eyes reduced the imaging distortion by 1.5/3.4 and 2.3/3.1 times along the x and y axes, respectively, under 10° and 20° incident lights than a single lens. In the light acceptance range, the image displays almost no distortion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Xuesong Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Aifei Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Xuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Jianlei Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Luo Z, Duan J, Guo C. Femtosecond laser one-step direct-writing cylindrical microlens array on fused silica. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:2358-2361. [PMID: 28614309 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.002358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an efficient method for fabricating high-quality cylindrical microlens arrays (CMLAs) on the surface of fused silica, fully based on spatially shaping of a femtosecond laser beam from Gaussian to Bessel distribution. As the envelope of shaped spatial intensity distribution matches the profile of cylindrical microlens perfectly, a CMLA with more than 50 uniform microlenses is fabricated by simple line scanning. The radius and height of these microlens units can be finely controlled by adjusting the power of laser pulses. Excellent optical imaging and high-speed fabrication performances are also demonstrated by our fabricated CLMA.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tian H, Shao J, Hu H, Wang L, Ding Y. Role of space charges inside a dielectric polymer in the electrohydrodynamic structure formation on a prepatterned polymer (ESF-PP). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14479a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushroom-shaped structures with a high aspect ratio are fabricated based on the action of space charges inside the dielectric polymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmiao Tian
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Jinyou Shao
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Hong Hu
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Ding
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Biconvex Polymer Microlenses with Tunable Imaging Properties Designed by Janus Droplet Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/mi6101428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
9
|
de Miguel G, Duocastella M, Vicidomini G, Diaspro A. λ/20 axial control in 2.5D polymerized structures fabricated with DLW lithography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:24850-24858. [PMID: 26406685 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.024850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An astonishing λ/20 height control is accomplished in 2.5D photopolymerized structures by taking advantage of the induced expansion of the resin. Our nanofabrication method is a one-pot approach with two processing steps: (i) regular 2.5D photopolymerization of the resin monomer by using multiphoton direct laser writing (DLW) lithography and (ii) spatially-selective irradiation of the photopolymerized features before development resulting in a nanometer-controlled height increase of the structure. The UV-visible-NIR sub-wavelength axial feature size (~40 nm) of this method allows fabricating devices with applications in multiple technological fields such as nanoelectronics and photonics.
Collapse
|
10
|
Tian ZN, Yao WG, Xu JJ, Yu YH, Chen QD, Sun HB. Focal varying microlens array. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:4222-4225. [PMID: 26371901 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.004222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel microlens array with different curvature unit lenses (MLADC) fabricated with femtosecond laser direct writing technology. The MLADC consisted of hexagonal hyperboloid unit microlenses, which have different heights and curvatures from others. The unique optical performance of imaging and focusing capability were demonstrated. An object was imaged at different positions from the MLADC by unit lenses, as the ability of adjusting the curvature of the image plane for overall MLADC. In addition, the experiment had a good agreement with simulation results, which was based on the analysis of the finite element method. The novel MLADC will have important applications in improving the performance of optical systems, especially in field curvature correction and real-time three-dimensional imaging.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang M, Yu W, Wang T, Han X, Gu E, Li X. A novel thermal reflow method for the fabrication of microlenses with an ultrahigh focal number. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00957j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel thermal reflow method for the monolithic fabrication of microlens arrays with ultrahigh focal numbers and tunable lens profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics
- Changchun Institute of Optics
- Fine Mechanics & Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, P. R. China
| | - W. Yu
- Institute of Micro & Nano Optics
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - T. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics
- Changchun Institute of Optics
- Fine Mechanics & Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, P. R. China
| | - X. Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics
- Changchun Institute of Optics
- Fine Mechanics & Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Erdan Gu
- Institute of Photonics
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow G4 0NW, UK
| | - X. Li
- Quality Test Center
- Changchun Institute of Optics
- Fine Mechanics & Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiang C, Li X, Tian H, Wang C, Shao J, Ding Y, Wang L. Lateral flow through a parallel gap driven by surface hydrophilicity and liquid edge pinning for creating microlens array. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:18450-18456. [PMID: 25348103 DOI: 10.1021/am506067v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This letter proposes a surface-energy driven process for economically creating polymer microlens array (MLA) with well controllable curvatures. When a UV-curable prepolymer flows into a cell constructed by multiple holes on a top template and a flat substrate, since the edge pinning of the contact line, an array of curved air/prepolymer interface forms around each microhole of the template. Then a UV-radiation of the bulk prepolymer leads to a solid microlens array. The curvature of the air/prepolymer interface can be controlled by choosing materials with different interface free energy or varying the gap height mechanically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengbao Jiang
- Micro-/Nano-technology Research Center State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University , 28 West Xianning Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun R, Li Y, Li L. Rapid method for fabricating polymeric biconvex parabolic lenslets. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:5391-5394. [PMID: 26466280 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.005391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microlenslets as well as microlens arrays have shown tremendous attractions and successes in miniature optical systems in recent decades. However, the fabrication methods for microlenslets and microlenslet arrays are limited. In this Letter, a rapid and low-cost method for fabricating polymeric biconvex lenslets is presented. This newly developed process is simply based on wetting behavior at interface and is able to produce high-quality biconvex lenslets with controllable size and shape. This technology will greatly simplify the production process and reduce the manufacturing costs for micro-optics.
Collapse
|
14
|
Shao J, Ding Y, Wang W, Mei X, Zhai H, Tian H, Li X, Liu B. Generation of fully-covering hierarchical micro-/nano- structures by nanoimprinting and modified laser swelling. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:2595-601. [PMID: 24616236 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyou Shao
- Micro- and Nano-manufacturing Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning Road, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zuo HJ, Zhang JY, Ying YL, Zhang BP, Hou ZJ, Chen HX, Si JJ. Rigorous microlens design using vector electromagnetic method combined with simulated annealing optimization. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:12653-12658. [PMID: 24921382 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.012653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, finite-aperture diffractive optical element with its critical dimension smaller than illumination wavelength is modeled and optimized using an integrated method. This method employs rigorous analysis model based on Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD), and simulated annealing (SA) global search algorithm. Numerical results reveal that the diffraction efficiency of the 8-step microlens quickly climbs to its global optimum along with the optimization process, which manifests its global search ability. The design algorithm and implementation are discussed in details. Considering its time consuming efficiency and global search ability, our method provides valuable reference value in practical multistep microlens design.
Collapse
|