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Huang J, Bao Y, Gaylord TK. Three-dimensional phase optical transfer function in axially symmetric microscopic quantitative phase imaging. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2020; 37:1857-1872. [PMID: 33362127 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.403861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional quantitative phase imaging (3D QPI) is widely recognized as a potentially high-impact microscopic modality. Central to determining the resolution capability of 3D QPI is the phase optical transfer function (POTF). The magnitude of the POTF over its spatial frequency coverage (SFC) specifies the intensity of the response for each allowed spatial frequency. In this paper, a detailed analysis of the POTF for an axially symmetric optical configuration is presented. First, a useful geometric interpretation of the SFC, which enables its visualization, is presented. Second, a closed-form 1D integral expression is derived for the POTF in the general nonparaxial case, which enables rapid calculation of the POTF. Third, this formulation is applied to disk, annular, multi-annuli, and Gaussian illuminations as well as to an annular objective. Taken together, these contributions enable the visualization and simplified calculation of the 3D axially symmetric POTF and provide a basis for optimizing QPI in a wide range of applications.
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Uttam S, Liu Y. Fourier phase based depth-resolved nanoscale nuclear architecture mapping for cancer detection. Methods 2017; 136:134-151. [PMID: 29127043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) modality has been widely adopted in a variety of applications ranging from identifying photomask defects in lithography to characterizing cell structure and tissue morphology in cancer. Traditional QPI utilizes the electromagnetic phase of transmitted light to measure, with nanometer scale sensitivity, alterations in the optical thickness of a sample of interest. In our work, the QPI paradigm is generalized to study depth-resolved properties of phase objects with slowly varying refractive index without a strong interface by utilizing the Fourier phase associated with Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT). Specifically, based on computing the Fourier phase of light back-scattered by cell nuclei, we have developed nanoscale nuclear architecture mapping (nanoNAM) method that quantifies, with nanoscale sensitivity, (a) the depth-resolved alterations in mean nuclear optical density, and (b) depth-resolved localized heterogeneity in optical density of the cell nuclei. We have used nanoNAM to detect malignant transformation in colon carcinogenesis, even in tissue that appears histologically normal according to pathologists, thereby showing its potential as a pathology aid in cases where pathology examination remains inconclusive, and for screening patient populations at risk of developing cancer. In this paper, we integrate all aspects of nanoNAM, from principle through instrumentation and analysis, to show that nanoNAM is a promising, low-cost, and label-free method for identifying pathologically indeterminate pre-cancerous and cancerous cells. Importantly, it can seamlessly integrate into the clinical pipeline by utilizing clinically prepared formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikhar Uttam
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Yang Liu
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Cherkezyan L, Zhang D, Subramanian H, Capoglu I, Taflove A, Backman V. Review of interferometric spectroscopy of scattered light for the quantification of subdiffractional structure of biomaterials. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:30901. [PMID: 28290596 PMCID: PMC5348632 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.3.030901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Optical microscopy is the staple technique in the examination of microscale material structure in basic science and applied research. Of particular importance to biology and medical research is the visualization and analysis of the weakly scattering biological cells and tissues. However, the resolution of optical microscopy is limited to ? 200 ?? nm due to the fundamental diffraction limit of light. We review one distinct form of the spectroscopic microscopy (SM) method, which is founded in the analysis of the second-order spectral statistic of a wavelength-dependent bright-field far-zone reflected-light microscope image. This technique offers clear advantages for biomedical research by alleviating two notorious challenges of the optical evaluation of biomaterials: the diffraction limit of light and the lack of sensitivity to biological, optically transparent structures. Addressing the first issue, it has been shown that the spectroscopic content of a bright-field microscope image quantifies structural composition of samples at arbitrarily small length scales, limited by the signal-to-noise ratio of the detector, without necessarily resolving them. Addressing the second issue, SM utilizes a reference arm, sample arm interference scheme, which allows us to elevate the weak scattering signal from biomaterials above the instrument noise floor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusik Cherkezyan
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Di Zhang
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Hariharan Subramanian
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Ilker Capoglu
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Allen Taflove
- Northwestern University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Vadim Backman
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, Illinois, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Vadim Backman, E-mail:
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Uttam S, Pham HV, LaFace J, Leibowitz B, Yu J, Brand RE, Hartman DJ, Liu Y. Early Prediction of Cancer Progression by Depth-Resolved Nanoscale Mapping of Nuclear Architecture from Unstained Tissue Specimens. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4718-27. [PMID: 26383164 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early cancer detection currently relies on screening the entire at-risk population, as with colonoscopy and mammography. Therefore, frequent, invasive surveillance of patients at risk for developing cancer carries financial, physical, and emotional burdens because clinicians lack tools to accurately predict which patients will actually progress into malignancy. Here, we present a new method to predict cancer progression risk via nanoscale nuclear architecture mapping (nanoNAM) of unstained tissue sections based on the intrinsic density alteration of nuclear structure rather than the amount of stain uptake. We demonstrate that nanoNAM detects a gradual increase in the density alteration of nuclear architecture during malignant transformation in animal models of colon carcinogenesis and in human patients with ulcerative colitis, even in tissue that appears histologically normal according to pathologists. We evaluated the ability of nanoNAM to predict "future" cancer progression in patients with ulcerative colitis who did and did not develop colon cancer up to 13 years after their initial colonoscopy. NanoNAM of the initial biopsies correctly classified 12 of 15 patients who eventually developed colon cancer and 15 of 18 who did not, with an overall accuracy of 85%. Taken together, our findings demonstrate great potential for nanoNAM in predicting cancer progression risk and suggest that further validation in a multicenter study with larger cohorts may eventually advance this method to become a routine clinical test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikhar Uttam
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hoa V Pham
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Justin LaFace
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian Leibowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Randall E Brand
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas J Hartman
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yang Liu
- Biomedical Optical Imaging Laboratory, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Shang R, Chen S, Li C, Zhu Y. Spectral modulation interferometry for quantitative phase imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:473-9. [PMID: 25780737 PMCID: PMC4354583 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose a spectral-domain interferometric technique, termed spectral modulation interferometry (SMI), and present its application to high-sensitivity, high-speed, and speckle-free quantitative phase imaging. In SMI, one-dimensional complex field of an object is interferometrically modulated onto a broadband spectrum. Full-field phase and intensity images are obtained by scanning along the orthogonal direction. SMI integrates the high sensitivity of spectral-domain interferometry with the high speed of spectral modulation to quantify fast phase dynamics, and its dispersive and confocal nature eliminates laser speckles. The principle and implementation of SMI are discussed. Its performance is evaluated using static and dynamic objects.
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