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Wang D, Kannojia HK, Jouy P, Giraud E, Suter K, Maulini R, Gachet D, Hetier L, Van Steenberge G, Kuyken B. Innovative Integration of Dual Quantum Cascade Lasers on Silicon Photonics Platform. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:1055. [PMID: 39203706 PMCID: PMC11356703 DOI: 10.3390/mi15081055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
For the first time, we demonstrate the hybrid integration of dual distributed feedback (DFB) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) on a silicon photonics platform using an innovative 3D self-aligned flip-chip assembly process. The QCL waveguide geometry was predesigned with alignment fiducials, enabling a sub-micron accuracy during assembly. Laser oscillation was observed at the designed wavelength of 7.2 μm, with a threshold current of 170 mA at room temperature under pulsed mode operation. The optical output power after an on-chip beam combiner reached sub-milliwatt levels under stable continuous wave operation at 15 °C. The specific packaging design miniaturized the entire light source by a factor of 100 compared with traditional free-space dual lasers module. Divergence values of 2.88 mrad along the horizontal axis and 1.84 mrad along the vertical axis were measured after packaging. Promisingly, adhering to i-line lithography and reducing the reliance on high-end flip-chip tools significantly lowers the cost per chip. This approach opens new avenues for QCL integration on silicon photonic chips, with significant implications for portable mid-infrared spectroscopy devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Wang
- Photonics Research Group, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University—imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Harindra Kumar Kannojia
- Center for Microsystem Technology (CMST), Ghent University—imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (H.K.K.); (G.V.S.)
| | - Pierre Jouy
- IRsweep AG, Laubisrütistrasse 44, 8712 Stäfa, Switzerland
| | - Etienne Giraud
- Alpes Lasers SA, Avenue des Pâquiers 1, 2072 St-Blaise, Switzerland
| | - Kaspar Suter
- Alpes Lasers SA, Avenue des Pâquiers 1, 2072 St-Blaise, Switzerland
| | - Richard Maulini
- Alpes Lasers SA, Avenue des Pâquiers 1, 2072 St-Blaise, Switzerland
| | - David Gachet
- Alpes Lasers SA, Avenue des Pâquiers 1, 2072 St-Blaise, Switzerland
| | - Léo Hetier
- Alpes Lasers SA, Avenue des Pâquiers 1, 2072 St-Blaise, Switzerland
| | - Geert Van Steenberge
- Center for Microsystem Technology (CMST), Ghent University—imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (H.K.K.); (G.V.S.)
| | - Bart Kuyken
- Photonics Research Group, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University—imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
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Shi Y, Ren J, Chen G, Liu W, Jin C, Guo X, Yu Y, Zhang X. Nonlinear germanium-silicon photodiode for activation and monitoring in photonic neuromorphic networks. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6048. [PMID: 36229465 PMCID: PMC9561110 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon photonics is promising for artificial neural networks computing owing to its superior interconnect bandwidth, low energy consumption and scalable fabrication. However, the lack of silicon-integrated and monitorable optical neurons limits its revolution in large-scale artificial neural networks. Here, we highlight nonlinear germanium-silicon photodiodes to construct on-chip optical neurons and a self-monitored all-optical neural network. With specifically engineered optical-to-optical and optical-to-electrical responses, the proposed neuron merges the all-optical activation and non-intrusive monitoring functions in a compact footprint of 4.3 × 8 μm2. Experimentally, a scalable three-layer photonic neural network enables in situ training and learning in object classification and semantic segmentation tasks. The performance of this neuron implemented in a deep-scale neural network is further confirmed via handwriting recognition, achieving a high accuracy of 97.3%. We believe this work will enable future large-scale photonic intelligent processors with more functionalities but simplified architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Junyu Ren
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanyu Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuqi Jin
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangyu Guo
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China.
- Optics Valley Laboratory, 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Xinliang Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, 430074, Hubei, China
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Basiri A, Rafique MZE, Bai J, Choi S, Yao Y. Ultrafast low-pump fluence all-optical modulation based on graphene-metal hybrid metasurfaces. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:102. [PMID: 35443739 PMCID: PMC9021307 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00787-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is an attractive material for all-optical modulation because of its ultrafast optical response and broad spectral coverage. However, all-optical graphene modulators reported so far require high pump fluence due to the ultrashort photo-carrier lifetime and limited absorption in graphene. We present modulator designs based on graphene-metal hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces with highly enhanced light-graphene interaction in the nanoscale hot spots at pump and probe (signal) wavelengths. Based on this design concept, we have demonstrated high-speed all-optical modulators at near and mid-infrared wavelengths (1.56 μm and above 6 μm) with significantly reduced pump fluence (1-2 orders of magnitude) and enhanced optical modulation. Ultrafast near-infrared pump-probe measurement results suggest that the modulators' response times are ultimately determined by graphene's ultrafast photocarrier relaxation times on the picosecond scale. The proposed designs hold the promise to address the challenges in the realization of ultrafast all-optical modulators for mid-and far-infrared wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Basiri
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Photonic Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Md Zubair Ebne Rafique
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Photonic Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Photonic Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Shinhyuk Choi
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Photonic Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Yu Yao
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Center for Photonic Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Serna S, Vakarin V, Ramirez JM, Frigerio J, Ballabio A, Le Roux X, Vivien L, Isella G, Cassan E, Dubreuil N, Marris-Morini D. Nonlinear Properties of Ge-rich Si 1-xGe x Materials with Different Ge Concentrations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14692. [PMID: 29116201 PMCID: PMC5677089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon photonics is a large volume and large scale integration platform for applications from long-haul optical telecommunications to intra-chip interconnects. Extension to the mid-IR wavelength range is now largely investigated, mainly driven by absorption spectroscopy applications. Germanium (Ge) is particularly compelling as it has a broad transparency window up to 15 µm and a much higher third-order nonlinear coefficient than silicon which is very promising for the demonstration of efficient non-linear optics based active devices. Si1−xGex alloys have been recently studied due to their ability to fine-tune the bandgap and refractive index. The material nonlinearities are very sensitive to any modification of the energy bands, so Si1−xGex alloys are particularly interesting for nonlinear device engineering. We report on the first third order nonlinear experimental characterization of Ge-rich Si1−xGex waveguides, with Ge concentrations x ranging from 0.7 to 0.9. The characterization performed at 1580 nm is compared with theoretical models and a discussion about the prediction of the nonlinear properties in the mid-IR is introduced. These results will provide helpful insights to assist the design of nonlinear integrated optical based devices in both the near- and mid-IR wavelength ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Serna
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France. .,Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 2 Avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91127, Palaiseau cedex, France.
| | - Vladyslav Vakarin
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Joan-Manel Ramirez
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Jacopo Frigerio
- L-NESS, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Polo di Como, Via Anzani 42, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- L-NESS, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Polo di Como, Via Anzani 42, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Xavier Le Roux
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Laurent Vivien
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Giovanni Isella
- L-NESS, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Polo di Como, Via Anzani 42, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Eric Cassan
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Dubreuil
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 2 Avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91127, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Delphine Marris-Morini
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
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Mashanovich GZ, Reed GT, Nedeljkovic M, Soler Penades J, Mitchell CJ, Khokhar AZ, Littlejohns CJ, Stankovic S, Chen X, Shen L, Healy N, Peacock AC, Alonso-Ramos C, Ortega-Monux A, Wanguemert-Perez G, Molina-Fernandez I, Cheben P, Ackert JJ, Knights AP, Gardes FY, Thomson DJ. Silicon and germanium mid-infrared photonics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1117/12.2212834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Troia B, Penades JS, Khokhar AZ, Nedeljkovic M, Alonso-Ramos C, Passaro VMN, Mashanovich GZ. Germanium-on-silicon Vernier-effect photonic microcavities for the mid-infrared. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:610-613. [PMID: 26907436 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present Vernier-effect photonic microcavities based on a germanium-on-silicon technology platform, operating around the mid-infrared wavelength of 3.8 μm. Cascaded racetrack resonators have been designed to operate in the second regime of the Vernier effect, and typical Vernier comb-like spectra have been successfully demonstrated with insertion losses of ∼5 dB, maximum extinction ratios of ∼23 dB, and loaded quality factors higher than 5000. Furthermore, an add-drop racetrack resonator designed for a Vernier device has been characterized, exhibiting average insertion losses of 1 dB, extinction ratios of up to 18 dB, and a quality factor of ∼1700.
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De Leonardis F, Troia B, Soref RA, Passaro VMN. Investigation of germanium Raman lasers for the mid-infrared. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:17237-17254. [PMID: 26191733 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.017237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we present a detailed theoretical investigation of integrated racetrack Raman lasers based on the germanium material system operating in the mid-infrared beyond the germanium two-photon absorption cut-off wavelength of 3.17 μm. The effective Raman gain has been estimated in waveguides based on germanium-on-silicon, germanium-on-SOI and germanium-on-Si3N4 technology platforms as a function of their crystallographic orientations. Furthermore, general design guidelines have been determined by means of a comparative analysis of Raman laser performance, i.e. the threshold power, polarization and directionality of the excited Stokes signals as a function of racetrack cavity length and directional-coupler dimensions. Finally, the emitted Raman laser power has been evaluated as a function of overall propagation losses and operative wavelengths up to 3.8 μm, while the time dynamics of Raman lasers has been simulated assuming continuous and pulse waves as input pump signals.
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Zhang Y, Husko C, Lefrancois S, Rey IH, Krauss TF, Schröder J, Eggleton BJ. Non-degenerate two-photon absorption in silicon waveguides: analytical and experimental study. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:17101-17110. [PMID: 26191718 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.017101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically and experimentally investigate the nonlinear evolution of two optical pulses in a silicon waveguide. We provide an analytic solution for the weak probe wave undergoing non-degenerate two-photon absorption (TPA) from the strong pump. At larger pump intensities, we employ a numerical solution to study the interplay between TPA and photo-generated free carriers. We develop a simple and powerful approach to extract and separate out the distinct loss contributions of TPA and free-carrier absorption from readily available experimental data. Our analysis accounts accurately for experimental results in silicon photonic crystal waveguides.
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