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Hu L, Zheng C, Zhang M, Zheng K, Zheng J, Song Z, Li X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Tittel FK. Long-distance in-situ methane detection using near-infrared light-induced thermo-elastic spectroscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 21:100230. [PMID: 33437616 PMCID: PMC7786114 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A wavelength-locked light-induced thermo-elastic spectroscopy (WL-LITES) gas sensor system was proposed for long-distance in-situ methane (CH4) detection using a fiber-coupled sensing probe. The wavelength-locked scheme was used to speed the sensor response without scanning the laser wavelength across the CH4 absorption line. A small-size piezoelectric quartz tuning fork (QTF) with a wide spectral response range was adopted to enhance the photo-thermal signal. The optical excitation parameters of the QTF were optimized based on experiment and simulation for improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the LITES technique. An Allan deviation analysis was employed to evaluate the limit of detection of the proposed sensor system. With a 0.3 s lock-in integration time and a ∼ 100 m optical fiber, the WL-LITES gas sensor system demonstrates a minimum detection limit (MDL) of ∼ 11 ppm in volume (ppmv) for CH4 detection, and the MDL can be further reduced to ∼ 1 ppmv with an averaging time of ∼ 35 s. A real-time in-situ monitoring of CH4 leakage reveals that the proposed sensor system can realize a fast response (< 12 s) for field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Chuantao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Minghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Kaiyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Zhanwei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Xiuying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Yiding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Frank K. Tittel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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Chen K, Guo M, Liu S, Zhang B, Deng H, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Luo C, Tao L, Lou M, Yu Q. Fiber-optic photoacoustic sensor for remote monitoring of gas micro-leakage. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:4648-4659. [PMID: 30876078 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.004648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a fiber-optic photoacoustic (PA) sensor for remote monitoring of gas micro-leakage. The gas sensing head is a miniature ferrule-top PA cavity with a cantilever beam. Gas diffuses into the cavity from the gap around the cantilever beam, and a small hole opens on the side wall. The volume of the optimized PA cavity is only 70 μL. An erbium-doped fiber amplified laser is used as a light source of acoustic excitation. The PA pressure signal is obtained by measuring the deflection of the cantilever beam with a fiber-optic white-light interferometric readout. The experimental result of leaking acetylene (C2H2) gas measurement shows a real-time response of 11.2 s. A detection limit is achieved to be 20 ppb with a 1 s lock-in integration time and a 1 km conductive fiber. Since both the excitation light and probe light are transmitted by the optical fiber, the designed sensing system has the advantages of remote detection and intrinsic safety.
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Song F, Zheng C, Yan W, Ye W, Wang Y, Tittel FK. Interband cascade laser based mid-infrared methane sensor system using a novel electrical-domain self-adaptive direct laser absorption spectroscopy (SA-DLAS). OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:31876-31888. [PMID: 29245857 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.031876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To suppress sensor noise with unknown statistical properties, a novel self-adaptive direct laser absorption spectroscopy (SA-DLAS) technique was proposed by incorporating a recursive, least square (RLS) self-adaptive denoising (SAD) algorithm and a 3291 nm interband cascade laser (ICL) for methane (CH4) detection. Background noise was suppressed by introducing an electrical-domain noise-channel and an expectation-known-based RLS SAD algorithm. Numerical simulations and measurements were carried out to validate the function of the SA-DLAS technique by imposing low-frequency, high-frequency, White-Gaussian and hybrid noise on the ICL scan signal. Sensor calibration, stability test and dynamic response measurement were performed for the SA-DLAS sensor using standard or diluted CH4 samples. With the intrinsic sensor noise considered only, an Allan deviation of ~43.9 ppbv with a ~6 s averaging time was obtained and it was further decreased to 6.3 ppbv with a ~240 s averaging time, through the use of self-adaptive filtering (SAF). The reported SA-DLAS technique shows enhanced sensitivity compared to a DLAS sensor using a traditional sensing architecture and filtering method. Indoor and outdoor atmospheric CH4 measurements were conducted to validate the normal operation of the reported SA-DLAS technique.
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Lou X, Zhang T, Lin H, Gao S, Xu L, Wang J, Wan L, He S. Detection of gaseous elemental mercury using a frequency-doubled green diode laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:27509-27520. [PMID: 27906322 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.027509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a second-harmonic-generation (SHG) based method for the detection of gaseous elemental mercury by using a newly available green diode laser. Multimode ultraviolet radiation at 253.7 nm is generated through a process of SHG. Correlation spectroscopy is introduced into the scheme to guarantee the measurement accuracy. The limit of detection achieved is 0.6 μg/m3 (0.07 ppb) for 1-m pathlength and 10-s integration time. The measurement accuracy is estimated to be 1.2%. The linear response range is estimated to be 0~60 μg/m2 (6.7 ppb·m), within which the linearity error is less than 1%. Real-time monitoring of mercury volatilization is demonstrated with a time resolution of 1 s. The results of performance characterization show that the proposed method has great potentials for mercury sensing in environmental and industrial fields.
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O’Hagan S, Pinto T, Ewart P, Ritchie GAD. Multi-mode absorption spectroscopy using a quantum cascade laser for simultaneous detection of NO and H 2O. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2016; 122:226. [PMID: 32355421 PMCID: PMC7175658 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-016-6499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Detection of multiple transitions in NO and H2O using multi-mode absorption spectroscopy, MUMAS, with a quantum cascade laser, QCL, operating at 5.3 μm at scan rates up to 10 kHz is reported. The linewidth of longitudinal modes of the QCL is derived from pressure-dependent fits to experimental MUMAS data. Variations in the spectral structure of the broadband, multi-mode, output of the commercially available QCL employed are analysed to provide accurate fits of modelled MUMAS signatures to the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. O’Hagan
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| | - T. Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
| | - P. Ewart
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| | - G. A. D. Ritchie
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
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O’Hagan S, Northern JH, Gras B, Ewart P, Kim CS, Kim M, Merritt CD, Bewley WW, Canedy CL, Vurgaftman I, Meyer JR. Multi-species sensing using multi-mode absorption spectroscopy with mid-infrared interband cascade lasers. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2016; 122:173. [PMID: 32355420 PMCID: PMC7175733 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-016-6377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of an interband cascade laser, ICL, to multi-mode absorption spectroscopy, MUMAS, in the mid-infrared region is reported. Measurements of individual mode linewidths of the ICL, derived from the pressure dependence of lineshapes in MUMAS signatures of single, isolated, lines in the spectrum of HCl, were found to be in the range 10-80 MHz. Multi-line spectra of methane were recorded using spectrally limited bandwidths, of approximate width 27 cm-1, defined by an interference filter, and consist of approximately 80 modes at spectral locations spanning the 100 cm-1 bandwidth of the ICL output. Calibration of the methane pressures derived from MUMAS data using a capacitance manometer provided measurements with an uncertainty of 1.1 %. Multi-species sensing is demonstrated by the simultaneous detection of methane, acetylene and formaldehyde in a gas mixture. Individual partial pressures of the three gases are derived from best fits of model MUMAS signatures to the data with an experimental error of 10 %. Using an ICL, with an inter-mode interval of ~10 GHz, MUMAS spectra were recorded at pressures in the range 1-10 mbar, and, based on the data, a potential minimum detection limit of the order of 100 ppmv is estimated for MUMAS at atmospheric pressure using an inter-mode interval of 80 GHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. O’Hagan
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| | - J. H. Northern
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| | - B. Gras
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Ingénieurs de CAEN, 6, bd du Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France
| | - P. Ewart
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| | - C. S. Kim
- Code 5604, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - M. Kim
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Inc., Columbia, MD 21046 USA
| | - C. D. Merritt
- Code 5604, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - W. W. Bewley
- Code 5604, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - C. L. Canedy
- Code 5604, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - I. Vurgaftman
- Code 5604, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - J. R. Meyer
- Code 5604, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 USA
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José Gomes da Silva I, Tütüncü E, Nägele M, Fuchs P, Fischer M, Raimundo IM, Mizaikoff B. Sensing hydrocarbons with interband cascade lasers and substrate-integrated hollow waveguides. Analyst 2016; 141:4432-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00679e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) is an excellent analytical technique for gas sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor José Gomes da Silva
- Institute of Chemistry
- State University of Campinas - UNICAMP
- Campinas
- Brazil
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
| | - Erhan Tütüncü
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- Ulm
- Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ivo M. Raimundo
- Institute of Chemistry
- State University of Campinas - UNICAMP
- Campinas
- Brazil
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- Ulm
- Germany
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Hausmaninger T, Silander I, Axner O. Narrowing of the linewidth of an optical parametric oscillator by an acousto-optic modulator for the realization of mid-IR noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectrometry down to 10⁻¹⁰ cm⁻¹ Hz⁻¹/². OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:33641-33655. [PMID: 26832028 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.033641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The linewidth of a singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (OPO) has been narrowed with respect to an external cavity by the use of an acousto-optic modulator (AOM). This made possible an improvement of the sensitivity of a previously realized OPO-based noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectrometry instrument for the 3.2 - 3.9 µm mid-infrared region by one order of magnitude. The resulting system shows a detection sensitivity for methane of 2.4 × 10(-10) cm(-1) Hz(-1∕2) and 1.3 × 10(-10) cm(-1) at 20 s, which allows for detection of both the environmentally important (13)CH(4) and CH(3)D isotopologues in atmospheric samples.
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