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Khaksar ZS, Bahrampour A. Generating local oscillator locally in continuous variable quantum key distribution using optical injection phase locked loop: a theoretical approach. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:37911-37928. [PMID: 38017911 DOI: 10.1364/oe.496204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the feasibility of utilizing optical injection locking with phase-locked loop feedback to generate a true local oscillator for continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD). We evaluate the noise and imperfections associated with this novel approach and compare our findings with existing CV-QKD schemes. Notably, our calculations demonstrate significantly lower noise levels compared to other locally generated local oscillator-based CV-QKD schemes. Furthermore, we assess the secure key rate and achievable distance under collective attack for our proposed scheme and compare it to other variants of CV-QKD protocols employing a true local oscillator. Our results align well with experimental data, highlighting the promise of our approach.
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Zhu K, Carpentieri M, Zhang L, Fang B, Cai J, Verba R, Giordano A, Puliafito V, Zhang B, Finocchio G, Zeng Z. Nonlinear amplification of microwave signals in spin-torque oscillators. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2183. [PMID: 37069148 PMCID: PMC10110546 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Spintronics-based microwave devices, such as oscillators and detectors, have been the subject of intensive investigation in recent years owing to the potential reductions in size and power consumption. However, only a few concepts for spintronic amplifiers have been proposed, typically requiring complex device configurations or material stacks. Here, we demonstrate a spintronic amplifier based on two-terminal magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) produced with CMOS-compatible material stacks that have already been used for spin-transfer torque memories. We achieve a record gain (|S11 | > 2) for input power on the order of nW (<-40 dBm) at an appropriate choice of the bias field direction and amplitude. Based on micromagnetic simulations and experiments, we describe the fundamental aspects driving the amplification and show the key role of the co-existence in microwave emissions of a dynamic state of the MTJ excited by a dc current and the injection locking mode driven by the microwave input signal. Our work provides a way to develop a class of compact amplifiers that can impact the design of the next generation of spintronics-CMOS hybrid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Zhu
- Nanofabrication facility, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mario Carpentieri
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Like Zhang
- Nanofabrication facility, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Wuxi University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Fang
- Nanofabrication facility, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jialin Cai
- Nanofabrication facility, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Anna Giordano
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vito Puliafito
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Baoshun Zhang
- Nanofabrication facility, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Giovanni Finocchio
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Zhongming Zeng
- Nanofabrication facility, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Division of Nano-Devices and Technologies & Nanchang Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging, Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang, China.
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Su Z, Cai D, Jiang H, Wang J, Wang D, Guo X, Li Z. Optical injection locking based local oscillator regeneration for continuous variable quantum key distribution. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1287-1290. [PMID: 35230347 DOI: 10.1364/ol.451670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We develop an optical injection locking (OIL) based local oscillator (LO) regeneration for continuous variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) by sending a weak polarization multiplexed pilot carrier from the transmitter. The OIL at the receiver has superior performance in terms of minimum input power and noise level at offset frequencies to the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)-based scheme. The weak pilot carrier is recovered both in power and phase via the OIL while incurring little excess noise to the CVQKD system. The phase-locked LO enables heterodyne detection of a Gaussian modulated quantum signal with a simple data-aided phase recovery without pilot tone. The obtained parameters are compatible with a raw key rate of 0.83 Mbit/s in the asymptotic regime over a 22-km fiber transmission. The technique is expected to be used in more phase-sensitive quantum optical applications.
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High-Precision Time-Frequency Signal Simultaneous Transfer System via a WDM-Based Fiber Link. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8080325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-based system for simultaneously delivering ultra-stable optical frequency reference, 10 GHz microwave frequency reference, and a one pulse per second (1 PPS) time signal via a 50 km fiber network. For each signal, a unique noise cancellation technique is used to maintain their precision. After being compensated, the transfer frequency instability in terms of the overlapping Allan deviation (OADEV) for the optical frequency achieves 2 × 10−17/s and scales down to 2 × 10−20/10,000 s, which for the 10 GHz microwave reference, approaches 4 × 10−15/s and decreases to 1.4 × 10−17/10,000 s, and the time uncertainty of the 1 PPS time signal along the system is 2.08 ps. In this scheme, specific channels of WDM are, respectively, occupied for different signals to avoid the possible crosstalk interference effect between the transmitted reference signals. To estimate the performance of the above scheme, which is also demonstrated in this 50 km link independent of these signals, the results are similar to that in the case of simultaneous delivery. This work shows that the WDM-based system is a promising method for building a nationwide time and frequency fiber transfer system with a communication optical network.
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Mu K, Zhao Z, Wang Z, Shang J, Yu S, Qiao Y. Raman/EDFA hybrid bidirectional amplifier for fiber-optic time and frequency synchronization. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:6356-6367. [PMID: 33726159 DOI: 10.1364/oe.414499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we verify that a Raman/EDFA hybrid amplifier can improve the stability of fiber-optic time and frequency synchronization systems compared to the Er3+-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), owing to its higher gain and lower noise figure (NF) performance. We studied the variation law of Raman gain efficiency for a fiber Raman amplifier (FRA) as a function of pump power and input signal power, designed a bidirectional Raman/EDFA hybrid amplifier, and proved that equivalent NF below 0 dB can be obtained. Finally, hybrid amplifiers were compared to EDFAs in a free-running frequency synchronization system. The transfer stabilities reached 1.9678 × 10-13/1 s and 2.0248 × 10-13/1 s when FRA + EDFA and EDFA + FRA configurations were used, respectively, both exhibiting better performance than the stability of 3.0905 × 10-13/1 s obtained by EDFA.
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Feng Z, Zhang X, Wu R, Ding Z, Yang F, Sun Y, Cheng N, Gui Y, Cai H. High-stability and multithreading phase-coherent receiver for simultaneous transfer of stabilized optical and radio frequencies. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:2418-2421. [PMID: 31090695 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.002418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a high-stability and multithreading coherent receiver for simultaneous distribution of stabilized optical and radio frequencies (RFs). The technique is based on a monolithic electroabsorption modulator integrated with a distributed feedback laser, which can purify and amplify the optical carrier while recovering the RF signal as a high-speed photodetector. The large-dynamic-range and high-bandwidth phase-locking system preserves the stability of the receiver for optical and RF signals to 3.5×10-20 and 6.4×10-18 at 1000 s, respectively. Furthermore, a dual-stabilization system using this novel receiver is proposed for simultaneous transfer of ultrastable optical carriers and RF signals over a 263 km fiber link. The transferred frequency stabilities of the optical carrier and the 9.1 GHz signal are 6.5×10-20 and 1.6×10-17, respectively, for an averaging time of 10,000 s.
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Kakarla R, Schröder J, Andrekson PA. Optical injection locking at sub nano-watt powers. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:5769-5772. [PMID: 30499989 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.005769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate optical injection locking (OIL) at record low injection power of -65 dBm using EDFA-based pre-amplification and an electrical phase locked loop (PLL). Investigating the phase noise characteristics of OIL, we find that at low injection powers the slave laser linewidth and injection ratio strongly influence the phase noise of the locked slave output. By introducing an EDFA pre-amplifier, the minimum locking power for OIL is reduced. Moreover, using this pre-amplifier we find that there exists an optimum injection power into the slave where the output phase noise is minimized and is below the phase noise without EDFA. We evaluate an OIL-based pump recovery in a phase sensitive amplifier (PSA) receiver system aimed at free-space communications.
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Feng Z, Yang F, Zhang X, Chen D, Wei F, Cheng N, Sun Y, Gui Y, Cai H. Ultra-low noise optical injection locking amplifier with AOM-based coherent detection scheme. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13135. [PMID: 30177754 PMCID: PMC6120882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel optical injection locking amplifier with acousto-optic modulator based phase modulation and a coherent detection scheme for optical frequency transfer applications is experimentally demonstrated in this study. A commercial distributed feedback diode laser is injection-locked to the resonant frequency of the optical signal with an optical fiber path length of hundreds of kilometers. This provides approximately 59 dB gain and ensures that the input carrier frequency fractional stability can be as good as 10-20 at 1000 s. The amplifier was tested for the transfer of a commercial narrow-linewidth laser in a 180 km fiber link to a remote site with only a single amplification step. The transferred frequency at the remote end reached 10-20 at 20000 s, which is suitable for optical frequency distribution and remote comparison between optical atomic clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of All Solid-State Laser and Applied Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Optics and fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of All Solid-State Laser and Applied Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Optics and fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of All Solid-State Laser and Applied Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Optics and fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dijun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of All Solid-State Laser and Applied Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Optics and fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of All Solid-State Laser and Applied Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Optics and fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Nan Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Optics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Yanguang Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of All Solid-State Laser and Applied Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Optics and fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Youzhen Gui
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Optics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Haiwen Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of All Solid-State Laser and Applied Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Optics and fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China.
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Kim J, Marra G, Wu DS, Richardson DJ, Slavík R. Wavelength conversion technique for optical frequency dissemination applications. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:1716-1719. [PMID: 27082327 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.001716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate coherent wavelength conversion capable of covering the entire C-band by modulating the incoming optical carrier with a compact Fabry-Perot cavity embedded phase modulator and by optical injection locking a semiconductor laser to a tone of the generated optical frequency comb. The phase noise of the converted optical carrier over 1 THz frequency interval is measured to be -40 dBc/Hz at 10 Hz offset and the frequency stability is better than 2 × 10(-17) level for averaging times >1000 s, making this technique a promising solution for comparisons of state-of-the-art optical clocks over complex fiber networks.
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