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Barbiero M, Salvatierra JP, Risaro M, Clivati C, Calonico D, Levi F, Tarallo MG. Broadband serrodyne phase modulation for optical frequency standards and spectral purity transfer. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1958-1961. [PMID: 37221809 DOI: 10.1364/ol.485064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We perform low phase noise, efficient serrodyne modulation for optical frequency control and spectral purity transfer between two ultrastable lasers. After characterizing serrodyne modulation efficiency and its bandwidth, we estimate the phase noise induced by the modulation setup by developing a novel, to the best of our knowledge, composite self-heterodyne interferometer. Exploiting serrodyne modulation, we phase locked a 698 nm ultrastable laser to a superior ultrastable laser source at 1156 nm by means of a frequency comb as a transfer oscillator. We show that this technique is a reliable tool for ultrastable optical frequency standards.
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Zeyen M, Affolter L, Ahmed MA, Graf T, Kara O, Kirch K, Marszalek M, Nez F, Ouf A, Pohl R, Rajamohanan S, Yzombard P, Antognini A, Schuhmann K. Pound-Drever-Hall locking scheme free from Trojan operating points. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:013001. [PMID: 36725577 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) technique is a popular method for stabilizing the frequency of a laser to a stable optical resonator or, vice versa, the length of a resonator to the frequency of a stable laser. We propose a refinement of the technique yielding an "infinite" dynamic (capture) range so that a resonator is correctly locked to the seed frequency, even after large perturbations. The stable but off-resonant lock points (also called Trojan operating points), present in conventional PDH error signals, are removed by phase modulating the seed laser at a frequency corresponding to half the free spectral range of the resonator. We verify the robustness of our scheme experimentally by realizing an injection-seeded Yb:YAG thin-disk laser. We also give an analytical formulation of the PDH error signal for arbitrary modulation frequencies and discuss the parameter range for which our PDH locking scheme guarantees correct locking. Our scheme is simple as it does not require additional electronics apart from the standard PDH setup and is particularly suited to realize injection-seeded lasers and injection-seeded optical parametric oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Zeyen
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Affolter
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marwan Abdou Ahmed
- Institut für Strahlwerkzeuge, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 43, 70569 Stuttgart, Deutschland
| | - Thomas Graf
- Institut für Strahlwerkzeuge, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 43, 70569 Stuttgart, Deutschland
| | - Oguzhan Kara
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Kirch
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - François Nez
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Ahmed Ouf
- QUANTUM, Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Randolf Pohl
- QUANTUM, Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siddharth Rajamohanan
- QUANTUM, Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pauline Yzombard
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Aldo Antognini
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Schuhmann
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Long DA, Reschovsky BJ, LeBrun TW, Gorman JJ, Hodges JT, Plusquellic DF, Stroud JR. High dynamic range electro-optic dual-comb interrogation of optomechanical sensors. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:4323-4326. [PMID: 36048644 DOI: 10.1364/ol.460028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An interleaved, chirped electro-optic dual comb system is demonstrated for rapid, high dynamic range measurements of cavity optomechanical sensors. This approach allows for the cavity displacements to be interrogated at measurement times as fast as 10 µs over ranges far larger than can be achieved with alternative methods. While the performance of this novel, to the best of our knowledge, readout approach is evaluated with an optomechanical accelerometer, this method has a wide range of applications including temperature, pressure, and humidity sensing as well as acoustics and molecular spectroscopy.
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Long DA, Reschovsky BJ, Zhou F, Bao Y, LeBrun TW, Gorman JJ. Electro-optic frequency combs for rapid interrogation in cavity optomechanics. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:645-648. [PMID: 33528430 PMCID: PMC8278764 DOI: 10.1364/ol.405299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electro-optic frequency combs were employed to rapidly interrogate an optomechanical sensor, demonstrating spectral resolution substantially exceeding that possible with a mode-locked frequency comb. Frequency combs were generated using an integrated-circuit-based direct digital synthesizer and utilized in a self-heterodyne configuration. Unlike approaches based upon laser locking, the present approach allows rapid, parallel measurements of full optical cavity modes, large dynamic range of sensor displacement, and acquisition across a wide frequency range between DC and 500 kHz. In addition to being well suited to measurements of acceleration, this optical frequency comb-based approach can be utilized for interrogation in a wide range of cavity optomechanical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Long
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - B. J. Reschovsky
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - F. Zhou
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Y. Bao
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - T. W. LeBrun
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - J. J. Gorman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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Yim SH, Kim TH, Choi JM. A simple extended-cavity diode laser using a precision mirror mount. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:046102. [PMID: 32357698 DOI: 10.1063/1.5140560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an extended-cavity diode laser (ECDL) with a simple design by using a commercial precision mirror mount with minor modifications. Our design allows tuning of the external cavity configuration by tweaking the volume holographic grating without troublesome changes in the beam path of the laser output. The mode-hop-free tuning range of the presented ECDL is about 8 GHz with a linewidth of 475 kHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Hyuk Yim
- Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 305-154, South Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 305-154, South Korea
| | - Jai-Min Choi
- Department of Science Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
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Stone JR, Briles TC, Drake TE, Spencer DT, Carlson DR, Diddams SA, Papp SB. Thermal and Nonlinear Dissipative-Soliton Dynamics in Kerr-Microresonator Frequency Combs. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:063902. [PMID: 30141662 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.063902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We explore the dynamical response of dissipative Kerr solitons to changes in pump power and detuning and show how thermal and nonlinear processes couple these parameters to the frequency-comb degrees of freedom. Our experiments are enabled by a Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) stabilization approach that provides on-demand, radio-frequency control of the frequency comb. PDH locking not only guides Kerr-soliton formation from a cold microresonator but opens a path to decouple the repetition and carrier-envelope-offset frequencies. In particular, we demonstrate phase stabilization of both Kerr-comb degrees of freedom to a fractional frequency precision below 10^{-16}, compatible with optical-time-keeping technology. Moreover, we investigate the fundamental role that residual laser-resonator detuning noise plays in the spectral purity of microwave generation with Kerr combs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Stone
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Travis C Briles
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Tara E Drake
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Daryl T Spencer
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - David R Carlson
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Scott A Diddams
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Scott B Papp
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Zhao X, Qu X, Zhang F, Zhao Y, Tang G. Absolute distance measurement by multi-heterodyne interferometry using an electro-optic triple comb. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:807-810. [PMID: 29443999 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.000807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a method for absolute distance measurement using a triple-comb-based multi-heterodyne interferometer which has the capacity to simultaneously balance the non-ambiguous range, resolution, update rate, and cost. Three flat-top electro-optic combs generated via cascaded intensity and phase modulators are adopted to form a measurement scheme including rough and fine measurements, and the unknown distance is determined by detecting the phase changes of the consecutive synthetic wavelengths. Experimental results demonstrate an agreement within 750 nm over 80 m distance at an update rate of 167 μs.
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Reinhardt C, Müller T, Sankey JC. Simple delay-limited sideband locking with heterodyne readout. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:1582-1597. [PMID: 28158040 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.001582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a robust sideband laser locking technique ideally suited for applications requiring low probe power and heterodyne readout. By feeding back to a high-bandwidth voltage-controlled oscillator, we lock a first-order phase-modulation sideband to a high-finesse Fabry-Perot cavity in ambient conditions, achieving a closed-loop bandwidth of 3.5 MHz (with a single integrator) limited fundamentally by the signal delay. The measured transfer function of the closed loop agrees with a simple model based on ideal system components, and from this we suggest a modified design that should achieve a bandwidth exceeding 6 MHz with a near-causally limited feedback gain as high as 4 × 107 at 1 kHz. The off-resonance optical carrier enables alignment-free heterodyne readout, alleviating the need for additional lasers or optical modulators.
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Gatti D, Gotti R, Gambetta A, Belmonte M, Galzerano G, Laporta P, Marangoni M. Comb-locked Lamb-dip spectrometer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27183. [PMID: 27263858 PMCID: PMC4893601 DOI: 10.1038/srep27183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming the Doppler broadening limit is a cornerstone of precision spectroscopy. Nevertheless, the achievement of a Doppler-free regime is severely hampered by the need of high field intensities to saturate absorption transitions and of a high signal-to-noise ratio to detect tiny Lamb-dip features. Here we present a novel comb-assisted spectrometer ensuring over a broad range from 1.5 to 1.63 μm intra-cavity field enhancement up to 1.5 kW/cm(2), which is suitable for saturation of transitions with extremely weak electric dipole moments. Referencing to an optical frequency comb allows the spectrometer to operate with kHz-level frequency accuracy, while an extremely tight locking of the probe laser to the enhancement cavity enables a 10(-11) cm(-1) absorption sensitivity to be reached over 200 s in a purely dc direct-detection-mode at the cavity output. The particularly simple and robust detection and operating scheme, together with the wide tunability available, makes the system suitable to explore thousands of lines of several molecules never observed so far in a Doppler-free regime. As a demonstration, Lamb-dip spectroscopy is performed on the P(15) line of the 01120-00000 band of acetylene, featuring a line-strength below 10(-23) cm/mol and an Einstein coefficient of 5 mHz, among the weakest ever observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gatti
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.za L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano, Via Gaetano Previati 1/C, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | - Riccardo Gotti
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano, Via Gaetano Previati 1/C, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | - Alessio Gambetta
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.za L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano, Via Gaetano Previati 1/C, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | - Michele Belmonte
- Oclaro Inc. - via F. Fellini, 4, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Gianluca Galzerano
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.za L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano, Via Gaetano Previati 1/C, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | - Paolo Laporta
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.za L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano, Via Gaetano Previati 1/C, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | - Marco Marangoni
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.za L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano, Via Gaetano Previati 1/C, 23900 Lecco, Italy
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