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Li A, Tian K, Yu J, Minz RA, Ward JM, Mondal S, Wang P, Nic Chormaic S. Packaged whispering gallery resonator device based on an optical nanoantenna coupler. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:16879-16886. [PMID: 34154240 DOI: 10.1364/oe.422830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a packaged whispering gallery mode (WGM) device based on an optical nanoantenna as the coupler and a glass microsphere as the resonator. The microspheres were fabricated from either SiO2 fiber or Er3+-doped fiber, the latter creating a WGM laser with a threshold of 93 µW at 1531 nm. The coupler-resonator WGM device was packaged in a glass capillary. The performance of the packaged microlaser was characterized, with lasing emission both excited in and collected from the WGM cavity via the nanoantenna. The packaged system provides isolation from environmental contamination, a small size, and unidirectional coupling while maintaining a high quality (Q-) factor (∼108).
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Frigenti G, Farnesi D, Nunzi Conti G, Soria S. Nonlinear Optics in Microspherical Resonators. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E303. [PMID: 32183230 PMCID: PMC7142417 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear frequency generation requires high intensity density which is usually achieved with pulsed laser sources, anomalous dispersion, high nonlinear coefficients or long interaction lengths. Whispering gallery mode microresonators (WGMRs) are photonic devices that enhance nonlinear interactions and can be exploited for continuous wave (CW) nonlinear frequency conversion, due to their capability of confine light for long time periods in a very small volume, even though in the normal dispersion regime. All signals must be resonant with the cavity. Here, we present a review of nonlinear optical processes in glass microspherical cavities, hollow and solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Frigenti
- Centro Fermi—Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Compendio del Viminale, Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184 Roma, Italy; (G.F.); (G.N.C.)
- CNR-IFAC, Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Madonna del Piano 10, I50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy;
- Laboratorio Europeo di Spettroscopia Nonlineare (LENS) - Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Nello Carrara 1, I50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Daniele Farnesi
- CNR-IFAC, Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Madonna del Piano 10, I50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy;
| | - Gualtiero Nunzi Conti
- Centro Fermi—Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Compendio del Viminale, Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184 Roma, Italy; (G.F.); (G.N.C.)
- CNR-IFAC, Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Madonna del Piano 10, I50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy;
| | - Silvia Soria
- CNR-IFAC, Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Madonna del Piano 10, I50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy;
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Chen Z, Guo Z, Mu X, Li Q, Wu X, Fu HY. Packaged microbubble resonator optofluidic flow rate sensor based on Bernoulli Effect. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:36932-36940. [PMID: 31873464 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.036932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel flow sensor based on dynamic fluid pressure changing in a packaged microbubble resonator without additional modification on its structure has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The results of sensing performance under both tunable laser source and broadband light source are presented. The flow rate sensitivity can reach up to 0.0196 pm / (µL/min). The fluid pressure variation caused by Bernoulli Effect is also analyzed theoretically.
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Ward JM, Lei F, Vincent S, Gupta P, Mondal SK, Fick J, Nic Chormaic S. Excitation of whispering gallery modes with a "point-and-play," fiber-based, optical nano-antenna. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3386-3389. [PMID: 31259967 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the excitation and detection of whispering gallery modes in optical microresonators using a "point-and-play," fiber-based, optical nano-antenna. The coupling mechanism is based on cavity-enhanced Rayleigh scattering. Collected spectra exhibit Lorentzian dips, Fano shapes, or Lorentzian peaks, with a coupling efficiency around 13%. The spectra are characterized by the coupling gap, polarization, and fiber tip position. The coupling method is simple, low-cost and, most importantly, the Q-factor can be maintained at 108 over a wide coupling range, thereby making it suitable for metrology, sensing, or cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments.
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Ubaid S, Liao F, Linghu S, Yu J, Gu F. Electrospun polymer bottle microresonators for stretchable single-mode lasing devices. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:3128-3131. [PMID: 29957796 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple electrospinning method to fabricate polymer bottle microresonators, which are doped with a lasing gain material and supported by electrospun polymer micro/nanofibers on a flexible grooved polymer substrate. The fabricated bottle microresonators have smooth outer surfaces and high quality. By using an interference light pump approach, single whispering gallery mode lasing is obtained, with a side-mode suppression factor over 20 dB. By mechanically stretching the grooved substrate, tunability of the lasing peaks is demonstrated. Our method has the advantages of saving time and being low in cost and may have promising applications in stretchable lasing and sensing devices.
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Gu F, Xie F, Lin X, Linghu S, Fang W, Zeng H, Tong L, Zhuang S. Single whispering-gallery mode lasing in polymer bottle microresonators via spatial pump engineering. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e17061. [PMID: 30167203 PMCID: PMC6061906 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Single-mode lasing in whispering-gallery mode (WGM) microresonators is challenging to achieve. In bottle microresonators, the highly non-degenerated WGMs are spatially well-separated along the long-axis direction and provide mode-selection capability. In this work, by engineering the pump intensity to modify the spatial gain profiles of bottle microresonators, we demonstrate a simple and general approach to realizing single-mode WGM lasing in polymer bottle microresonators. The pump intensity is engineered into an interference distribution on the bottle microresonator surface. By tuning the spacing between axial positions of the interference pump patterns, the mode intensity profiles of single-bottle WGMs can be spatially overlapped with the interference stripes, intrinsically enabling single-mode lasing and selection. Attractive advantages of the system, including high side-mode suppression factors >20 dB, large spectral tunability >8 nm, low-lasing threshold and reversible control, are presented. Our demonstrated approach may have a variety of promising applications, ranging from tunable single-mode lasing and sensing to nonlinear optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxing Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System (Ministry of Education), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Fuming Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System (Ministry of Education), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shuangyi Linghu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System (Ministry of Education), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Wei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Heping Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System (Ministry of Education), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Limin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Songlin Zhuang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System (Ministry of Education), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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Oreshnikov I, Skryabin DV. Multiple nonlinear resonances and frequency combs in bottle microresonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:10306-10311. [PMID: 28468403 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.010306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We introduce the generalized Lugiato-Lefever equation describing nonlinear effects in the bottle microresonators. We demonstrate that the nonlinear modes of these resonators can form multiple coexisting and overlapping nonlinear resonances and that their instabilities lead to the generation of the low repetition rate frequency combs.
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Yang Y, Lei F, Kasumie S, Xu L, Ward JM, Yang L, Nic Chormaic S. Tunable erbium-doped microbubble laser fabricated by sol-gel coating. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:1308-1313. [PMID: 28158014 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.001308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we show that the application of a sol-gel coating renders a microbubble whispering gallery resonator into an active device. During the fabrication of the resonator, a thin layer of erbium-doped sol-gel is applied to a tapered microcapillary, then a microbubble with a wall thickness of 1.3 μm is formed with the rare earth ions diffused into its wall. The doped microbubble is pumped at 980 nm and lases in the emission band of the Er3+ ions at 1535 nm. The laser wavelength can be shifted by aerostatic pressure tuning of the whispering gallery modes of the microbubble. Up to 240 pm tuning is observed with 2 bar of applied pressure. We also show that the doped microbubble could be used as a compact, tunable laser source.
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Asano M, Komori S, Ikuta R, Imoto N, Özdemir ŞK, Yamamoto T. Visible light emission from a silica microbottle resonator by second- and third-harmonic generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:5793-5796. [PMID: 27973504 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.005793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the first observation of nonlinear harmonic generation and sum frequency generation (SFG) coupled with stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) via the second-order (χ(2)) and the third-order (χ(3)) nonlinearities in a silica microbottle resonator. The visible light emission due to third-harmonic generation (THG) was observed in both the output of a tapered fiber and the optical microscope images, which can be used to identify the axial mode profiles. SFG enabled by three- and four-wave mixing processes between the pump light and the light generated via SRS was also observed. Second-harmonic generation (SHG) and the SFG are enabled by χ(2) induced in silica by surface effects and multipole excitations.
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Yang Y, Jiang X, Kasumie S, Zhao G, Xu L, Ward JM, Yang L, Chormaic SN. Four-wave mixing parametric oscillation and frequency comb generation at visible wavelengths in a silica microbubble resonator. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:5266-5269. [PMID: 27842109 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.005266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Frequency comb generation in microresonators at visible wavelengths has found applications in a variety of areas such as metrology, sensing, and imaging. To achieve Kerr combs based on four-wave mixing in a microresonator, dispersion must be in the anomalous regime. In this Letter, we demonstrate dispersion engineering in a microbubble resonator (MBR) fabricated by a two-CO2 laser beam technique. By decreasing the wall thickness of the MBR to 1.4 μm, the zero dispersion wavelength shifts to values shorter than 764 nm, making phase matching possible around 765 nm. With the optical Q-factor of the MBR modes being greater than 107, four-wave mixing is observed at 765 nm for a pump power of 3 mW. By increasing the pump power, parametric oscillation is achieved, and a frequency comb with 14 comb lines is generated at visible wavelengths.
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Bianucci P. Optical Microbottle Resonators for Sensing. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16111841. [PMID: 27827834 PMCID: PMC5134500 DOI: 10.3390/s16111841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Whispering gallery mode (WGM) optical microresonators have been shown to be the basis for sensors able to detect minute changes in their environment. This has made them a well-established platform for highly sensitive physical, chemical, and biological sensors. Microbottle resonators (MBR) are a type of WGM optical microresonator. They share characteristics with other, more established, resonator geometries such as cylinders and spheres, while presenting their unique spectral signature and other distinguishing features. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the theory and fabrication of different kinds of MBRs, including hollow ones, and their application to optofluidic sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Bianucci
- Department of Physics, Concordia University, Montral, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
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Lin G, Chembo YK. Phase-locking transition in Raman combs generated with whispering gallery mode resonators. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:3718-3721. [PMID: 27519071 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.003718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the mechanisms leading to phase locking in Raman optical frequency combs generated with ultrahigh Q crystalline whispering gallery mode disk resonators. We show that several regimes can be triggered depending on the pumping conditions, such as single-frequency Raman lasing, multimode operation involving more than one family of cavity eigenmodes, and Kerr-assisted Raman frequency comb generation. The phase locking and coherence of the combs are experimentally monitored through the measurement of beat signal spectra. These phase-locked combs, which feature high coherence and wide spectral spans, are obtained with pump powers in the range of a few tens of mW. In particular, Raman frequency combs with multiple free-spectral range spacings are reported, and the measured beat signal in the microwave domain features a 3 dB linewidth smaller than 50 Hz, thereby indicating phase locking.
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Riesen N, Zhang WQ, Monro TM. Dispersion analysis of whispering gallery mode microbubble resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:8832-8847. [PMID: 27137317 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.008832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the opportunities existing for engineering dispersion in non-silica whispering gallery mode microbubble resonators, for applications such as optical frequency comb generation. More specifically, the zero dispersion wavelength is analyzed as a function of microbubble diameter and wall thickness for several different material groups such as highly-nonlinear soft glasses, polymers and crystalline materials. The zero dispersion wavelength is shown to be highly-tunable by changing the thickness of the shell. Using certain materials it is shown that dispersion equalization can be realized at interesting wavelengths such as deep within the visible or mid-infrared, opening up new possibilities for optical frequency comb generation. This study represents the first extensive analysis of the prospects of using non-silica microbubbles for nonlinear optics.
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Lu Q, Liu S, Wu X, Liu L, Xu L. Stimulated Brillouin laser and frequency comb generation in high-Q microbubble resonators. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:1736-1739. [PMID: 27082332 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.001736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on the stimulated Brillouin laser (SBL) and over-dense frequency comb generation in high-Q microbubble resonators (MBRs). Both first-order and cascaded SBL are achieved due to the rich high-order axial modes in the MBRs, although the free spectral range (FSR) of azimuthal mode of the MBR is severely mismatched with the Brillouin shift. The SBL is also generated by varying the internal pressure of MBR at fixed initially non-resonant pump light wavelength. In addition, over-dense frequency combs are realized with comb spacings that are one and two FSRs of aixal mode.
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