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Li Y, Xu Y, Jiang J, Cheng S, Yi Z, Xiao G, Zhou X, Wang Z, Chen Z. Polarization-sensitive multi-frequency switches and high-performance slow light based on quadruple plasmon-induced transparency in a patterned graphene-based terahertz metamaterial. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:3820-3833. [PMID: 36645136 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05368c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A periodic patterned graphene-based terahertz metamaterial comprising three transverse graphene strips and one longitudinal continuous graphene ribbon is proposed to achieve a dynamically tunable quadruple plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) effect. Further analysis of the magnetic field distribution along the x-direction shows that the quadruple-PIT window can be produced by the strong destructive interference between the bright mode and the dark mode. The spectral response characteristics of the quadruple-PIT effect are numerically and theoretically investigated, and the results obtained by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation fit well with that by the coupled mode theory (CMT) calculation. In addition, two hepta-frequency asynchronous switches are achieved by tuning the Fermi energy of the graphene, and their maximum modulation depths are 98.9% and 99.7%, corresponding to the insertion losses of 0.173 dB and 0.334 dB, respectively. Further studies show that polarization light has a significant impact on the quadruple-PIT, resulting in a polarization-sensitive switch being realized with a maximum modulation depth of 99.7% and a minimum insertion loss of 0.048 dB. In addition, when the Fermi energy is equal to 1.2 eV, the maximum time delay and group refractive index of the quadruple-PIT can be respectively as high as 1.065 ps and 3194, and the maximum delay-bandwidth product reaches 1.098, which means that excellent optical storage is achieved. Thus, our proposed quadruple-PIT system can be used to design a terahertz multi-channel switch and optical storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China.
| | - Yiping Xu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China.
| | - Jiabao Jiang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China.
| | - Shubo Cheng
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China.
| | - Zao Yi
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Guohui Xiao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics and Communications, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Xianwen Zhou
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China.
| | - Ziyi Wang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China.
| | - Zhanyu Chen
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China.
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2
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Chen F, Yao J, Wang X, Wang S, Liu Z, Ding T. Fast modulation of surface plasmons based on the photothermal effect of nonvolatile solid thin films. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:476-482. [PMID: 36514986 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05527a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonvolatile phase change materials owing to their robust stability and reversibility have shown significant potential in nanophotonic switches and memory devices. However, their performances deteriorate as the thickness decreases below 10 nm due to the local deformation induced by the phase change, which makes them less compatible with plasmonic nanogaps. Here, we address this issue by photothermally modulating the refractive index of germanium antimony telluride (GST) placed in plasmonic nanogaps, which tunes plasmon resonances in the visible region below the melting point of GST, making such optical switching highly reversible at a rate of up to hundreds of ∼kHz. They are also demonstrated to modulate the waveguiding efficiency of propagating surface plasmons, which is based on the photothermal modulation of plasmons with the assistance of GST. Such hybrid nanoplasmonic system with cost-effective fabrication and efficient operation method provides a promising route towards integrated nanophotonic chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Jiacheng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Xujie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Ze Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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3
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Zhuo S, Liu Z, Zhou F, Qin Y, Luo X, Ji C, Yang G, Yang R, Xie Y. THz broadband and dual-channel perfect absorbers based on patterned graphene and vanadium dioxide metamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:47647-47658. [PMID: 36558688 DOI: 10.1364/oe.476858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel and perfect absorber based on patterned graphene and vanadium dioxide hybrid metamaterial, which can not only achieve wide-band perfect absorption and dual-channel absorption in the terahertz band, but also realize their conversion by adjusting the temperature to control the metallic or insulating phase of VO2. Firstly, the absorption spectrum of the proposed structure is analyzed without graphene, where the absorption can reach as high as 100% at one frequency point (f = 5.956 THz) when VO2 is in the metal phase. What merits attention is that the addition of graphene above the structure enhances the almost 100% absorption from one frequency point (f = 5.956 THz) to a wide frequency band, in which the broadband width records 1.683 THz. Secondly, when VO2 is the insulating phase, the absorption of the metamaterial structure with graphene outperforms better, and two high absorption peaks are formed, logging 100% and 90.7% at f3 = 5.545 THz and f4 = 7.684 THz, respectively. Lastly, the adjustment of the Fermi level of graphene from 0.8 eV to 1.1 eV incurs an obvious blueshift of the absorption spectra, where an asynchronous optical switch can be achieved at fK1 = 5.782 THz and fK2 = 6.898 THz. Besides, the absorber exhibits polarization sensitivity at f3 = 5.545 THz, and polarization insensitivity at f4 = 7.684 THz with the shift in the polarization angle of incident light from 0° to 90°. Accordingly, this paper gives insights into the new method that increases the high absorption width, as well as the great potential in the multifunctional modulator.
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4
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Zhong X, Wu T, Liu Z, Yang D, Yang Z, Liu R, Liu Y, Wang J. Dual Tunable Electromagnetically Induced Transparency Based on a Grating-Assisted Double-Layer Graphene Hybrid Structure at Terahertz Frequencies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3853. [PMID: 36364629 PMCID: PMC9654115 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose a graphene plasmonic structure by applying two graphene layers mingled with a thin gold layer in a silicon grating. By utilizing the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, we investigate the optical response of the system, and observe that the design achieves dual tunable electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like effect at terahertz frequencies. The EIT-like effect arises from the destructive interference between the grapheme-layer bright modes and the gold-layer dark mode. The EIT-like phenomenon can be adjusted by the Fermi level, which is related to the applied voltage. The results show that the group delay of the present structure reaches 0.62 ps in the terahertz band, the group refractive index exceeds 1200, the maximum delay-bandwidth product is 0.972, and the EIT-like peak frequency transmittance is up to 0.89. This indicates that the device has good slow light performance. The proposed structure might enable promising applications in slow-light devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Tiesheng Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zuning Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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5
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Gao E, Li H, Liu C, Ruan B, Li M, Zhang B, Zhang Z. Dynamically tunable bound states in the continuum supported by asymmetric Fabry-Pérot resonance. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20125-20129. [PMID: 35983922 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02605h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic regulation of quasi-bound states in the continuum (quasi-BIC) is a research hotspot, such as incident angle, polarization angle, temperature, a medium refractive index, and medium position regulation. In this paper, a dual-band ultra-high absorber composed of upper asymmetric graphene strips and lower graphene nanoribbons can generate a symmetry-protected quasi-BIC and Fabry-Pérot resonance (FPR) mode. The band structure further demonstrates the symmetry-protected BIC. Research shows that the absorption system can withstand a relatively wide range of incidence and polarization angles. Interestingly, the quasi-BIC and FPR modes can be modulated by the Fermi levels of the graphene1 and graphene2, respectively, realizing a multifunctional switch with high modulation depth (MD > 94%), low insertion loss (IL < 0.23 dB), and large dephasing time (DT > 4.35 ps). This work provides a new approach for the dynamic regulation of quasi-BIC and stimulates the development of multifunctional switches in the absorber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enduo Gao
- Shcool of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Hongjian Li
- Shcool of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Chao Liu
- Shcool of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Banxian Ruan
- Shcool of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Min Li
- Shcool of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Baihui Zhang
- Shcool of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Zhenbin Zhang
- Shcool of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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6
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Zhang Z, Lee Y, Haque MF, Leem J, Hsieh EY, Nam S. Plasmonic sensors based on graphene and graphene hybrid materials. NANO CONVERGENCE 2022; 9:28. [PMID: 35695997 PMCID: PMC9192873 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-022-00319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a rapid growth of graphene plasmonics and their applications in different fields. Compared with conventional plasmonic materials, graphene enables highly confined plasmons with much longer lifetimes. Moreover, graphene plasmons work in an extended wavelength range, i.e., mid-infrared and terahertz regime, overlapping with the fingerprints of most organic and biomolecules, and have broadened their applications towards plasmonic biological and chemical sensors. In this review, we discuss intrinsic plasmonic properties of graphene and strategies both for tuning graphene plasmons as well as achieving higher performance by integrating graphene with plasmonic nanostructures. Next, we survey applications of graphene and graphene-hybrid materials in biosensors, chemical sensors, optical sensors, and sensors in other fields. Lastly, we conclude this review by providing a brief outlook and challenges of the field. Through this review, we aim to provide an overall picture of graphene plasmonic sensing and to suggest future trends of development of graphene plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yeageun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Md Farhadul Haque
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Juyoung Leem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- TomKat Center for Sustainable Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Ezekiel Y Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - SungWoo Nam
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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7
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Zhuo S, Zhou F, Liu Y, Liu Z, Zhang X, Luo X, Qin Y, Yang G, Ji C, Zhou Z, Sun L, Liu T. Terahertz multimode modulator based on tunable triple-plasmon-induced transparency in monolayer graphene metamaterials. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2022; 39:594-599. [PMID: 35471382 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.452393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A simple monolayer graphene metamaterial based on silicon/silica substrates is proposed, and typical triple-plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) is realized in the terahertz band. The physical mechanism is analyzed by coupled mode theory (CMT), and the results of CMT agree well with the finite-difference time-domain simulation. A multimode electro-optical switch can be designed by dynamic tuning, and the modulation degrees of its resonant frequencies are 84.0%, 87.3%, 83.0%, 88.1%, and 76.7%. In addition, triple-PIT gradually degenerates into dual-PIT with a decrease in the length of one bright mode. Interestingly, the group index can reach 770 at Ef=0.8eV, which shows that it can be designed as a slow light device with extraordinary ability. Therefore, the results of this paper are of great significance to the research and design of electro-optical switches and slow light devices in the terahertz band.
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8
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Zhang Z, Liu Z, Zhou F, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Qin Y, Zhuo S, Luo X, Gao E, Yi Z. Broadband plasmon-induced transparency modulator in the terahertz band based on multilayer graphene metamaterials. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2021; 38:784-789. [PMID: 34143147 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.420743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, multilayer graphene metamaterials comprising graphene blocks and graphene ribbon are proposed to realize dynamic plasmon-induced transparence (PIT). By changing the position between the graphene blocks, PIT phenomenon will occur in different terahertz bands. Furthermore, PIT with a transparent window width of 1 THz has been realized. In addition, the PIT shows redshifts or blueshifts or disappears altogether upon changing the Fermi level of graphene, and hence a frequency selector from 3.91 to 7.84 THz and an electro-optical switch can be realized. Surprisingly, the group index of this structure can be increased to 469. Compared with the complex and fixed structure of previous studies, our proposed structure is simple and can be dynamically adjusted according to demands, which makes it a valuable platform for ideas to inspire the design of novel electro-optic devices.
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9
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Xiong C, Chao L, Zeng B, Wu K, Li M, Ruan B, Zhang B, Gao E, Li H. Dynamically controllable multi-switch and slow light based on a pyramid-shaped monolayer graphene metamaterial. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3949-3962. [PMID: 33544099 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06182d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene, a new two-dimensional (2D) material, has attracted considerable attention in recent years because of the metallic characteristics at terahertz frequencies. The phase coupling of multilayer graphene-coupled grating structures is normally used to realize multiple plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) spectral responses. However, the device becomes more complicated with the increase in the number of graphene layers. In this work, we propose a five-step-coupled pyramid-shaped monolayer graphene metamaterial and predict a dynamically controllable PIT with four transparency peaks for the first time in the monolayer graphene metamaterial. A tunable multi-switch and good slow light effect is predicted over the wide PIT window, and the maximum modulation depth is high up to 16.89 dB, which corresponds to 97.95%, while the time delay of the induced transparent window is as high as 0.488 ps, where the corresponding group refractive index is 586. The electric field distributions and quantum level theory are used to explain the physical mechanism of the PIT with four transparency peaks. The coupled mode theory (CMT) is employed to establish the mathematical model of the PIT with four transparency peaks, and the consistency between the simulated and the calculated results is nearly perfect. We believe that the pyramid-shaped monolayer graphene metamaterial could be useful in efficient filters, switches, and slow light devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuixiu Xiong
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China. and All-solid-state Energy Storage Materials and Devices Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413000, China
| | - Liu Chao
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Biao Zeng
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Kuan Wu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Min Li
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Banxian Ruan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Baihui Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Enduo Gao
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Hongjian Li
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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10
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Ge J, You C, Feng H, Li X, Wang M, Dong L, Veronis G, Yun M. Tunable dual plasmon-induced transparency based on a monolayer graphene metamaterial and its terahertz sensing performance. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:31781-31795. [PMID: 33115144 DOI: 10.1364/oe.405348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, tunable dual plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) is achieved by using a monolayer graphene metamaterial in the terahertz region, which consists of two graphene strips of different sizes and a graphene ring. As the dual PIT effect is induced by the destructive interference between the two quasi-dark modes and the bright mode, we propose a four-level plasmonic system based on the linearly coupled Lorentzian oscillators to explain the mechanism behind the dual PIT. It is proved that the theoretical results agree well with the simulation results. Most importantly, the sensing properties of the designed device have been investigated in detail and we found that it can exhibit high sensitivities and figure of merit (FOM). Furthermore, the dual PIT windows can be effectively modulated by changing the Fermi energy of the graphene layer and the angle of incidence. Thus, the proposed graphene-based metamaterial can hold wide applications for switches, modulators, and multi-band refractive index sensors in the terahertz region.
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11
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Xu H, He Z, Chen Z, Nie G, Li H. Optical Fermi level-tuned plasmonic coupling in a grating-assisted graphene nanoribbon system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:25767-25777. [PMID: 32906861 DOI: 10.1364/oe.401694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel graphene-based grating-coupled metamaterial structure is proposed, and the optical response of this structure can be obviously controlled by the Fermi level, which is theoretically regulated by the electric field of an applied voltage. The upper graphene monolayer can be intensely excited with the aid of periodic grating and thus it can be considered a bright mode. Meanwhile, the lower graphene monolayer cannot be directly excited, but it could be indirectly activated by the help of bright mode. The plasmonic polaritons resulting from the light-graphene interaction resonance can lead to a destructive interference effect, leading to a plasmonic induced transparency. This structure has a simple construction and retains the integrity of graphene. In the meantime, it can achieve a good tuning effect by adjusting the voltage regulation of microstructure array and it can obtain an outstanding reflection efficiency. Thus, this graphene-based metamaterial structure with these properties is very suitable for the plasmonic optical reflector. In contacting with the characteristics of material, the group delay of this device can reach to 0.3ps, which can well match the slow light performance. Therefore, the device is expected to make some contribution in optical reflection and slow light devices.
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Guan J, Xia S, Zhang Z, Wu J, Meng H, Yue J, Zhai X, Wang L, Wen S. Two Switchable Plasmonically Induced Transparency Effects in a System with Distinct Graphene Resonators. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 15:142. [PMID: 32621110 PMCID: PMC7347741 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-020-03374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
General plasmonic systems to realize plasmonically induced transparency (PIT) effect only exist one single PIT mainly because they only allow one single coupling pathway. In this study, we propose a distinct graphene resonator-based system, which is composed of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) coupled with dielectric grating-loaded graphene layer resonators, to achieve two switchable PIT effects. By designing crossed directions of the resonators, the proposed system exists two different PIT effects characterized by different resonant positions and linewidths. These two PIT effects result from two separate and polarization-selective coupling pathways, allowing us to switch the PIT from one to the other by simply changing the polarization direction. Parametric studies are carried to demonstrate the coupling effects whereas the two-particle model is applied to explain the physical mechanism, finding excellent agreements between the numerical and theoretical results. Our proposal can be used to design switchable PIT-based plasmonic devices, such as tunable dual-band sensors and perfect absorbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrui Guan
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Shengxuan Xia
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Zeyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Haiyu Meng
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jing Yue
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiang Zhai
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Shuangchun Wen
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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13
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Zhang X, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Gao E, Zhou F, Luo X, Wang J, Wang Y. Photoelectric switch and triple-mode frequency modulator based on dual-PIT in the multilayer patterned graphene metamaterial. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2020; 37:1002-1007. [PMID: 32543602 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.393248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A multilayer patterned graphene metamaterial composed of rectangular graphene, square graphene, and X-shaped graphene is proposed to achieve dual plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) at terahertz frequency. The coupled mode theory calculations are highly consistent with the finite-difference time-domain numerical results. Interestingly, a photoelectric switch has been realized, whose extinction ratio and modulation degree of amplitude can be 7.77 dB and 83.3% with the insertion loss of 7.2%. In addition, any dips can be modulated by tuning the Fermi levels of three graphene layers with minor or ignorable changes of the other two dips. The modulation degrees of frequency are 8.0%, 7.4% and 11.7%, respectively, which can be used to design a triple-mode frequency modulator. Moreover, the group index of the multilayer structure can be as high as 150. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that a multifunctional device can be realized by the proposed structure.
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14
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Xia S, Zhai X, Wang L, Wen S. Plasmonically induced transparency in in-plane isotropic and anisotropic 2D materials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:7980-8002. [PMID: 32225433 DOI: 10.1364/oe.389573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
General two-dimensional (2D) material-based systems that achieve plasmonically induced transparency (PIT) are limited to isotropic graphene only through unidirectional bright-dark mode interaction. Moreover, it is challenging to extend these devices to anisotropic 2D films. In this study, we exploit surface plasmons excited at two crossed grating layers, which can be formed either by dielectric gratings or by the 2D sheet itself, to achieve dynamically tunable PIT in both isotropic and anisotropic 2D materials. Here, each grating simultaneously acts as both bright and dark modes. By taking isotropic graphene and anisotropic black phosphorus (BP) as proofs of concept, we reveal that this PIT can result from either unidirectional bright-dark or bidirectional bright-bright and bright-dark mode hybridized couplings when the incident light is parallelly/perpendicularly or obliquely polarized to the gratings, respectively. Identical grating parameters in isotropic (crossed lattice directions in anisotropic) layers produce polarization-independent single-window PIT, whereas different grating parameters (coincident lattice directions) yield polarization-sensitive double-window PIT. The proposed technique is examined by a two-particle model, showing excellent agreement between the theoretical and numerical results. This study provides insight into the physical mechanisms of PIT and advances the applicability and versatility of 2D material-based PIT devices.
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Liu Z, Gao E, Zhang Z, Li H, Xu H, Zhang X, Luo X, Zhou F. Dual-Mode On-to-Off Modulation of Plasmon-Induced Transparency and Coupling Effect in Patterned Graphene-Based Terahertz Metasurface. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 15:1. [PMID: 31897852 PMCID: PMC6940413 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The plasmon-induced transparency (PIT), which is destructive interference between the superradiation mode and the subradiation mode, is studied in patterned graphene-based terahertz metasurface composed of graphene ribbons and graphene strips. As the results of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation and coupled-mode theory (CMT) fitting, the PIT can be dynamically modulated by the dual-mode. The left (right) transmission dip is mainly tailored by the gate voltage applied to graphene ribbons (stripes), respectively, meaning a dual-mode on-to-off modulator is realized. Surprisingly, an absorbance of 50% and slow-light property of 0.7 ps are also achieved, demonstrating the proposed PIT metasurface has important applications in absorption and slow-light. In addition, coupling effects between the graphene ribbons and the graphene strips in PIT metasurface with different structural parameters also are studied in detail. Thus, the proposed structure provides a new basis for the dual-mode on-to-off multi-function modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Liu
- School of Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013 China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2041 College Road, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Enduo Gao
- School of Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Zhenbin Zhang
- School of Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Hongjian Li
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- School of Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Xin Luo
- School of Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Fengqi Zhou
- School of Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013 China
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Zhu Z, Shi L, Chen S, Han J, Zhang H, Li M, Hao H, Luo J, Wang X, Gu B, Zhang Y, Li X. Enhanced second harmonic emission with simultaneous polarization state tuning by aluminum metal-insulator-metal cross nanostructures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:30909-30918. [PMID: 31684332 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.030909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) plasmonic nanostructures have recently demonstrated remarkable optical nonlinear phenomena, such as enhanced second harmonic (SH) generation. However, the relatively weak field enhancement resulted from large optical losses associated with aluminum nanostructures in combination with the difficulties in controlling the emission polarization pose as a challenge for SH enhancement and tuning. In this paper, we show that the SH emission of aluminum nanostructures can be efficiently enhanced with the polarization properties simultaneously tunable by using metal-insulator-metal (MIM) nanostructures, constituting of Al cross nanoantenna arrays on top of Al mirrors with a SiO2 spacing layer. Specifically, femtosecond laser beam with a linear polarization parallel to one arm illuminates on the structure while the orthogonal arms were physically modified by the laser-induced photothermal reshaping technique to control the SH radiation by the plasmonic resonances. Under the resonance at the SH wavelength, we observed one order of magnitude larger emission enhancement compared to that at the off-resonant condition. Interestingly, the polarization states can be well manipulated simultaneously by controlling the resonances of the orthogonal arms. The enhanced SH conversion and tunable polarization states pave the way for the development of nonlinear optical sources and advanced functional metasurfaces.
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Gao E, Liu Z, Li H, Xu H, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Luo X, Xiong C, Liu C, Zhang B, Zhou F. Dual dynamically tunable plasmon-induced transparency in H-type-graphene-based slow-light metamaterial. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2019; 36:1306-1311. [PMID: 31503555 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.36.001306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An H-type-graphene-based slow-light metamaterial is proposed to produce a dual plasmon-induced transparency phenomenon, which can be effectively modulated by Fermi level, carrier mobility of graphene, and the medium environment. The data calculated by coupled mode theory and results of numerical simulation show prominent agreement. In addition, both the simplicity and continuity of the units of graphene-based metamaterial are extraordinary advantages. Furthermore, the slow-light characteristics of the proposed structure show that the group refractive index is as high as 237, which is more competitive than some other slow-light devices.
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Gao E, Liu Z, Li H, Xu H, Zhang Z, Luo X, Xiong C, Liu C, Zhang B, Zhou F. Dynamically tunable dual plasmon-induced transparency and absorption based on a single-layer patterned graphene metamaterial. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:13884-13894. [PMID: 31163846 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.013884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dual plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) and plasmon-induced absorption (PIA) are simultaneously achieved in an integrated metamaterial composed of single layer of graphene. Electric field distribution and coupled mode theory (CMT) are used to demonstrate the physical mechanism of dual PIT and PIA, and the theoretical result of CMT is highly consistent with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method simulation result. Further research shows that both the dual PIT and PIA phenomenon can be effectively modulated by the Fermi level, the carrier mobility of the graphene and the refractive index of the surrounding environment. It is meaningful that the absorption of the dual PIA spectrum can be abruptly increased to 93.5% when the carrier mobility of graphene is 0.8m2/Vs. In addition, the group index can be as high as 328. Thus, our work can pave new way for developing excellent slow-light and light absorption functional devices.
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Ádám AA, Szabados M, Musza K, Bélteky P, Kónya Z, Kukovecz Á, Sipos P, Pálinkó I. Effects of medium and nickel salt source in the synthesis and catalytic performance of nano-sized nickel in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-018-01526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ye L, Zeng F, Zhang Y, Xu X, Yang X, Liu QH. Frequency-Reconfigurable Wide-Angle Terahertz Absorbers Using Single- and Double-Layer Decussate Graphene Ribbon Arrays. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E834. [PMID: 30322199 PMCID: PMC6215309 DOI: 10.3390/nano8100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We propose and numerically demonstrate two novel terahertz absorbers made up of periodic single- and double-layer decussate graphene ribbon arrays. The simulated results show that the proposed absorbers have narrowband near-unity terahertz absorption with ultra-wide frequency reconfiguration and angular stability. By tuning the Fermi level of graphene ribbons, the over 90% absorbance peak frequency of the absorber with single-layer graphene structure can be flexibly adjusted from 6.85 to 9.85 THz for both the transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) polarizations. This absorber with single-layer graphene demonstrates excellent angular stability with the absorbance peaks of the reconfigurable absorption bands remaining over 99.8% in a wide angle of incidence ranging from 0 to 70°. The tuning frequency can be significantly enhanced by using the absorber with double-layer graphene structure from 5.50 to 11.28 THz and 5.62 to 10.65 THz, approaching two octaves under TM and TE polarizations, respectively. The absorbance peaks of the reconfigurable absorption band of this absorber for both polarizations maintain over 70%, even at a large angle of incidence up to 70°. Furthermore, an analytical fitting model is also proposed to accurately predict the absorbance peak frequencies for this variety of absorbers. Benefitting from these attractive properties, the proposed absorber may have great potential applications in tunable terahertz trapping, detecting, sensing, and various terahertz optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfang Ye
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Fang Zeng
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- EHF Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Xiong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on Electronics and Information System, Luoyang 471003, China.
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on Electronics and Information System, Luoyang 471003, China.
| | - Qing Huo Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Xu H, Zhao M, Xiong C, Zhang B, Zheng M, Zeng J, Xia H, Li H. Dual plasmonically tunable slow light based on plasmon-induced transparency in planar graphene ribbon metamaterials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:25959-25966. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04484h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We can achieve a very obvious dual plasmon induced transparency effect and obtain a good slow light property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Central South University
- Changsha 410083
- China
| | - Mingzhuo Zhao
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Central South University
- Changsha 410083
- China
| | - Cuixiu Xiong
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Central South University
- Changsha 410083
- China
| | - Baihui Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Central South University
- Changsha 410083
- China
| | - Mingfei Zheng
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Central South University
- Changsha 410083
- China
| | - Jianping Zeng
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
| | - Hui Xia
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Central South University
- Changsha 410083
- China
| | - Hongjian Li
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Central South University
- Changsha 410083
- China
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Xu H, Li H, He Z, Chen Z, Zheng M, Zhao M. Dual tunable plasmon-induced transparency based on silicon-air grating coupled graphene structure in terahertz metamaterial. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:20780-20790. [PMID: 29041756 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.020780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A graphene plasmonic structure consists of three graphene layers mingled with a silicon-air grating is proposed. We theoretically predict and numerically simulate the plasmon-induced transparency effect in this system at terahertz wavelengths, and a dual plasmon-induced transparency peaks can be successfully tuned by virtually shifting the desired Fermi energy on graphene layers. We investigate the surface plasmon dispersion relation by means of analytic calculations, and we can achieve the numerical solution of propagation constant got by the dispersion relation. A suitable theoretical model is established to study spectral features in the plasmonic graphene system, and the theoretical results agree well with the simulations. The proposed model and findings may provide guidance for fundamental research of highly tunable optoelectronic devices.
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Graphene as a Reversible and Spectrally Selective Fluorescence Quencher. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33911. [PMID: 27652976 PMCID: PMC5031993 DOI: 10.1038/srep33911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report reversible and spectrally selective fluorescence quenching of quantum dots (QDs) placed in close proximity to graphene. Controlling interband electronic transitions of graphene via electrostatic gating greatly modifies the fluorescence lifetime and intensity of nearby QDs via blocking of the nonradiative energy transfer between QDs and graphene. Using ionic liquid (IL) based electrolyte gating, we are able to control Fermi energy of graphene in the order of 1 eV, which yields electrically controllable fluorescence quenching of QDs in the visible spectrum. Indeed, our technique enables us to perform voltage controllable spectral selectivity among quantum dots at different emission wavelengths. We anticipate that our technique will provide tunable light-matter interaction and energy transfer that could yield hybrid QDs-graphene based optoelectronic devices with novel functionalities, and additionally, may be useful as a spectroscopic ruler, for example, in bioimaging and biomolecular sensing. We propose that graphene can be used as an electrically tunable and wavelength selective fluorescence quencher.
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Xia SX, Zhai X, Wang LL, Sun B, Liu JQ, Wen SC. Dynamically tunable plasmonically induced transparency in sinusoidally curved and planar graphene layers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:17886-17899. [PMID: 27505756 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.017886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To achieve plasmonically induced transparency (PIT), general near-field plasmonic systems based on couplings between localized plasmon resonances of nanostructures rely heavily on the well-designed interantenna separations. However, the implementation of such devices and techniques encounters great difficulties mainly to due to very small sized dimensions of the nanostructures and gaps between them. Here, we propose and numerically demonstrate that PIT can be achieved by using two graphene layers that are composed of a upper sinusoidally curved layer and a lower planar layer, avoiding any pattern of the graphene sheets. Both the analytical fitting and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) method are employed efficiently to distinguish the induced window, which is found to be more likely caused by Autler-Townes splitting (ATS) instead of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Besides, our results show that the resonant modes cannot only be tuned dramatically by geometrically changing the grating amplitude and the interlayer spacing, but also by dynamically varying the Fermi energy of the graphene sheets. Potential applications of the proposed system could be expected on various photonic functional devices, including optical switches, plasmonic sensors.
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Xia SX, Zhai X, Wang LL, Lin Q, Wen SC. Localized plasmonic field enhancement in shaped graphene nanoribbons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:16336-16348. [PMID: 27464087 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.016336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbon (GNR), as a fundamental component to support the surface plasmon waves, are envisioned to play an important role in graphene plasmonics. However, to achieve extremely confinement of the graphene surface plasmons (GSPs) is still a challenging. Here, we propose a scheme to realize the excitation of localized surface plasmons with very strong field enhancement at the resonant frequency. By sinusoidally patterning the boundaries of GNRs, a new type of plasmon mode with field energy concentrated on the shaped grating crest (crest mode) can be efficiently excited, creating a sharp notch on the transmission spectra. Specifically, the enhanced field energies are featured by 3 times of magnitude stronger than that of the unpatterned classical GNRs. Through theoretical analyses and numerical calculations, we confirm that the enhanced fields of the crest modes can be tuned not only by changing the width, period and Fermi energy as traditional ribbons, but also by varying the grating amplitude and period. This new technique of manipulating the light-graphene interaction gives an insight of modulating plasmon resonances on graphene nanostrutures, making the proposed pattern method an attractive candidate for designing optical filters, spatial light modulators, and other active plasmonic devices.
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