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Jiang W, Yan S, Yan X, Xu A, Liu G, Wang C, Li L, Mu X, Gao G. Highly Sensitive Plasmon Refractive Index Sensor Based on MIM Waveguide. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:987. [PMID: 39203637 PMCID: PMC11356340 DOI: 10.3390/mi15080987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
This paper introduces a novel plasmon refractive index nanosensor structure based on Fano resonance. The structure comprises a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide with an inverted rectangular cavity and a circle minus a small internal circle plus a rectangular cavity (CMSICPRC). This study employs the finite element method (FEM) to analyze the sensing characteristics of the structure. The results demonstrate that the geometrical parameters of specific structures exert a considerable influence on the sensing characteristics. Simulated experimental data show that the maximum sensitivity of this structure is 3240 nm/RIU, with a figure of merit (FOM) of 52.25. Additionally, the sensor can be used in biology, for example, to detect the concentration of hemoglobin in blood. The sensitivity of the sensor in this application, according to our calculations, can be 0.82 nm∙g/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Zhejiang-Belarus Joint Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and System for Water Conservancy and Hydropower Safety Monitoring, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shubin Yan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Zhejiang-Belarus Joint Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and System for Water Conservancy and Hydropower Safety Monitoring, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaoran Yan
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Aiwei Xu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Guang Liu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chong Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Zhejiang-Belarus Joint Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and System for Water Conservancy and Hydropower Safety Monitoring, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiangyang Mu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Guowang Gao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
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Kraft FA, Lehmann S, Di Maria C, Joksch L, Fitschen-Östern S, Fuchs S, Dell'Olio F, Gerken M. Intensity-Based Camera Setup for Refractometric and Biomolecular Sensing with a Photonic Crystal Microfluidic Chip. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:687. [PMID: 37504086 PMCID: PMC10377058 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Label-free sensing is a promising approach for point-of-care testing devices. Among optical transducers, photonic crystal slabs (PCSs) have positioned themselves as an inexpensive yet versatile platform for label-free biosensing. A spectral resonance shift is observed upon biomolecular binding to the functionalized surface. Commonly, a PCS is read out by a spectrometer. Alternatively, the spectral shift may be translated into an intensity change by tailoring the system response. Intensity-based camera setups (IBCS) are of interest as they mitigate the need for postprocessing, enable spatial sampling, and have moderate hardware requirements. However, they exhibit modest performance compared with spectrometric approaches. Here, we show an increase of the sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD) of an IBCS by employing a sharp-edged cut-off filter to optimize the system response. We report an increase of the LOD from (7.1 ± 1.3) × 10-4 RIU to (3.2 ± 0.7) × 10-5 RIU. We discuss the influence of the region of interest (ROI) size on the achievable LOD. We fabricated a biochip by combining a microfluidic and a PCS and demonstrated autonomous transport. We analyzed the performance via refractive index steps and the biosensing ability via diluted glutathione S-transferase (GST) antibodies (1:250). In addition, we illustrate the speed of detection and demonstrate the advantage of the additional spatial information by detecting streptavidin (2.9 µg/mL). Finally, we present the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from whole blood as a possible basis for point-of-care devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Aldo Kraft
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lehmann
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Carmela Di Maria
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Leonie Joksch
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefanie Fitschen-Östern
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabine Fuchs
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Francesco Dell'Olio
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Martina Gerken
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Frutiger A, Tanno A, Hwu S, Tiefenauer RF, Vörös J, Nakatsuka N. Nonspecific Binding-Fundamental Concepts and Consequences for Biosensing Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:8095-8160. [PMID: 34105942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nature achieves differentiation of specific and nonspecific binding in molecular interactions through precise control of biomolecules in space and time. Artificial systems such as biosensors that rely on distinguishing specific molecular binding events in a sea of nonspecific interactions have struggled to overcome this issue. Despite the numerous technological advancements in biosensor technologies, nonspecific binding has remained a critical bottleneck due to the lack of a fundamental understanding of the phenomenon. To date, the identity, cause, and influence of nonspecific binding remain topics of debate within the scientific community. In this review, we discuss the evolution of the concept of nonspecific binding over the past five decades based upon the thermodynamic, intermolecular, and structural perspectives to provide classification frameworks for biomolecular interactions. Further, we introduce various theoretical models that predict the expected behavior of biosensors in physiologically relevant environments to calculate the theoretical detection limit and to optimize sensor performance. We conclude by discussing existing practical approaches to tackle the nonspecific binding challenge in vitro for biosensing platforms and how we can both address and harness nonspecific interactions for in vivo systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frutiger
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Tanno
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Hwu
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Raphael F Tiefenauer
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - János Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Nako Nakatsuka
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
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