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Grandvillain M, Vidal M, Hérault J, Benabdesselam M, Hofverberg P, Mady F. Silica-based scintillators: basic properties of radioluminescence kinetics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:245701. [PMID: 38447159 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad3094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Radioluminescent silica-based fiber dosimeters offer great advantages for designing miniaturized realtime sensors for high dose-rate dosimetry. Rise and fall kinetics of their response must be properly understood to better assess their performances in terms of measurement speed and repeatability. A standard model of radioluminescence (RL) has already been quantitatively validated for doped silica glasses, but beyond conclusive comparisons with specific experiments, a comprehensive understanding of the processes and parameters determining transient and equilibrium kinetics of RL is still lacking. We analyze in detail the kinetics inherent in the standard RL model. Several asymptotical regimes in the RL growth are demonstrated in the case of a pristine sample (succesive quadratic, linear and power-law time dependencies before the plateau is reached). We show how this situation is modified when a pre-irradiation partly fills traps beforehand. RL growth is then greatly accelerated because of the pre-formation of recombination centers (RCs) from dopant ions, but not due to pre-filling of trapping levels. In all cases, the RL intensity eventually tends to a constant level equal to the pair generation rate, long before all carrier densities themselves reach equilibrium. This occurs late under irradiation, when deep traps get to saturation. The fraction of dopants converted into RCs is then 'frozen' at a lower level the smaller the density of deep traps. Controlling RL kinetics through the engineering of material traps is not an option. Pre-irradiation appears to be the simplest way to obtain accelerated and repeatable kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Grandvillain
- Université Côte d'Azur, Fédération de recherche Claude Lalanne, Institut de Physique de Nice, CNRS UMR7010, 17 rue Julien Lauprêtre, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Marie Vidal
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Fédération de recherche Claude Lalanne, 227 avenue de la Lanterne, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Joël Hérault
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Fédération de recherche Claude Lalanne, 227 avenue de la Lanterne, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Mourad Benabdesselam
- Université Côte d'Azur, Fédération de recherche Claude Lalanne, Institut de Physique de Nice, CNRS UMR7010, 17 rue Julien Lauprêtre, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Petter Hofverberg
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Fédération de recherche Claude Lalanne, 227 avenue de la Lanterne, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Franck Mady
- Université Côte d'Azur, Fédération de recherche Claude Lalanne, Institut de Physique de Nice, CNRS UMR7010, 17 rue Julien Lauprêtre, 06200 Nice, France
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Lee C, Xu EZ, Kwock KWC, Teitelboim A, Liu Y, Park HS, Ursprung B, Ziffer ME, Karube Y, Fardian-Melamed N, Pedroso CCS, Kim J, Pritzl SD, Nam SH, Lohmueller T, Owen JS, Ercius P, Suh YD, Cohen BE, Chan EM, Schuck PJ. Indefinite and bidirectional near-infrared nanocrystal photoswitching. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06076-7. [PMID: 37258675 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Materials whose luminescence can be switched by optical stimulation drive technologies ranging from superresolution imaging1-4, nanophotonics5, and optical data storage6,7, to targeted pharmacology, optogenetics, and chemical reactivity8. These photoswitchable probes, including organic fluorophores and proteins, can be prone to photodegradation and often operate in the ultraviolet or visible spectral regions. Colloidal inorganic nanoparticles6,9 can offer improved stability, but the ability to switch emission bidirectionally, particularly with near-infrared (NIR) light, has not, to our knowledge, been reported in such systems. Here, we present two-way, NIR photoswitching of avalanching nanoparticles (ANPs), showing full optical control of upconverted emission using phototriggers in the NIR-I and NIR-II spectral regions useful for subsurface imaging. Employing single-step photodarkening10-13 and photobrightening12,14-16, we demonstrate indefinite photoswitching of individual nanoparticles (more than 1,000 cycles over 7 h) in ambient or aqueous conditions without measurable photodegradation. Critical steps of the photoswitching mechanism are elucidated by modelling and by measuring the photon avalanche properties of single ANPs in both bright and dark states. Unlimited, reversible photoswitching of ANPs enables indefinitely rewritable two-dimensional and three-dimensional multilevel optical patterning of ANPs, as well as optical nanoscopy with sub-Å localization superresolution that allows us to distinguish individual ANPs within tightly packed clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhwan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emma Z Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin W C Kwock
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ayelet Teitelboim
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yawei Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hye Sun Park
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Benedikt Ursprung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark E Ziffer
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuzuka Karube
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Cassio C S Pedroso
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jongwoo Kim
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Stefanie D Pritzl
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Physics and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sang Hwan Nam
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Theobald Lohmueller
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan S Owen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Ercius
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yung Doug Suh
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, South Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, South Korea.
| | - Bruce E Cohen
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Division of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Emory M Chan
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - P James Schuck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Lee C, Schuck PJ. Photodarkening, Photobrightening, and the Role of Color Centers in Emerging Applications of Lanthanide-Based Upconverting Nanomaterials. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2023; 74:415-438. [PMID: 37093661 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-082720-032137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) compose a class of luminescent materials that utilize the unique wavelength-converting properties of lanthanide (Ln) ions for light-harvesting applications, photonics technologies, and biological imaging and sensing experiments. Recent advances in UCNP design have shed light on the properties of local color centers, both intrinsic and controllably induced, within these materials and their potential influence on UCNP photophysics. In this review, we describe fundamental studies of color centers in Ln-based materials, including research into their origins and their roles in observed photodarkening and photobrightening mechanisms. We place particular focus on the new functionalities that are enabled by harnessing the properties of color centers within Ln-doped nanocrystals, illustrated through applications in afterglow-based bioimaging, X-ray detection, all-inorganic nanocrystal photoswitching, and fully rewritable optical patterning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhwan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; ,
| | - P James Schuck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; ,
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Kajikawa E, Ishii T, Ogawa K, Musha M. High-power 813-nm Tm 3+-doped ZBLAN fiber MOPA with signal-light photodarkening suppression. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:6776-6780. [PMID: 34613155 DOI: 10.1364/ao.430892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The photodarkening suppression effect of an 813-nm Tm3+-doped ZBLAN fiber amplifier has been investigated. We have experimentally observed that a photodarkened fiber can be bleached by an 813-nm light and that the photoinduced loss during the amplifier operation is effectively suppressed with the help of the high-power signal. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation of the photodarkening suppression by using a higher power signal in Tm3+-doped fiber amplifiers. Based on these signal photodarkening suppression effects, we have designed a multistage fiber amplifier, and demonstrated the stable operation of the 1.15-W fiber master oscillator power amplifier at 813 nm without additional photobleaching light.
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Liu Y, Xing Y, Chen G, Peng J, Li H, Dai N, Li J. Thermal bleaching of photodarkening and heat-induced loss and spectral broadening in Tm 3+-doped fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:21845-21853. [PMID: 32752456 DOI: 10.1364/oe.397356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the thermal bleaching effect on a photodarkened thulium-doped fiber (TDF) in detail. The bleaching effect on visible transmission initiates at 250 °C and a complete recovery is achieved at 550 °C. Prior to the recovery, a post-irradiation heat-induced spectral loss is observed. It indicates that an intermediate energy state is generated in the TDF under exposure to near-infrared (NIR) radiation, exhibiting the spectral attenuation in visible (VIS) and NIR region as driven by color center after thermal activation. And, with thermal treatment, the bleached TDF shows a partial photodarkening (PD) resistance when it is subject to photoirradiation again. In addition, the temperature-dependent spectral broadening and red shift that may distort the measured decay curve of excess loss is observed and discussed.
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Liu YZ, Xing YB, Lin XF, Chen G, Shi CJ, Peng JG, Li HQ, Dai NL, Li JY. Bleaching of photodarkening in Tm-doped silica fiber with deuterium loading. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:2534-2537. [PMID: 32356809 DOI: 10.1364/ol.391069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the rapid photodarkening (PD) phenomenon in Tm-doped fiber (TDF) core pumped by a laser at 1080 nm and the bleaching effect of deuterium (${{\rm D}_2}$D2) on PD TDF. By ${{\rm D}_2}$D2 loading for seven days, the PD-induced excess loss (PIEL) in the visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) region have been largely eliminated, and no degradation was observed within 30 days. PD resistance of the ${{\rm D}_2}$D2 pretreated TDF has been investigated as well. The formation of color centers based on defects and precursors in the silica matrix and the mechanism of ${{\rm D}_2}$D2 bleaching are discussed.
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