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Ng V, Azeem F, Trainor LS, Schwefel HGL, Coen S, Erkintalo M, Murdoch SG. Wideband multimode optical parametric oscillation in a Kerr microresonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:5475-5482. [PMID: 36823826 DOI: 10.1364/oe.480030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Parametric oscillation in Kerr microresonators provides an attractive pathway for the generation of new optical frequencies in a low-power, small-footprint device. The frequency shift of the newly generated parametric sidebands is set by the phasematching of the underlying four-wave-mixing process, with the generation of large frequency shift sidebands typically placing exacting requirements on a resonator's dispersion profile. In practice, this limits the range of viable pump wavelengths, and ultimately the range of output frequencies. In this paper, we consider a multimode four-wave-mixing process in which the pump and sidebands propagate in different mode families of the resonator. We show that this multimode configuration yields a considerable relaxation in the phasematching requirements needed to generate large frequency shift parametric sidebands, allowing their formation even in resonators with strong second-order dispersion. Experimentally we use a magnesium-fluoride micro-disk resonator to demonstrate this multimode phasematching. By accessing different pump and sideband modes, four distinct multimode parametric processes generating frequency shifts between 118 and 216 THz are reported. The resulting separation between the two sidebands is almost three octaves.
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Savchenkov AA, Matsko AB, Williams S. Coupler-induced phase matching of resonant hyperparametric scattering. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3609-3612. [PMID: 32630911 DOI: 10.1364/ol.394996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We show that an evanescent field coupler can break the symmetry of a high quality factor monolithic ring microcavity, enabling generation of strongly nondegenerate frequency harmonics involving a few mode families that are orthogonal in an unperturbed microcavity. Using this property, we explain observed experimental generation of frequency combs in magnesium fluoride whispering gallery mode resonators characterized with strong normal group velocity dispersion.
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Lu X, Moille G, Rao A, Westly D, Srinivasan K. On-chip optical parametric oscillation into the visible: generating red, orange, yellow, and green from a near-infrared pump. OPTICA 2020; 7:10.1364/optica.393810. [PMID: 34877368 PMCID: PMC8647690 DOI: 10.1364/optica.393810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The on-chip generation of coherent, single-frequency laser light that can be tuned across the visible spectrum would help enable a variety of applications in spectroscopy, metrology, and quantum science. Recently, third-order optical parametric oscillation (OPO) in a microresonator has shown great promise as an efficient and scalable approach towards this end. However, considering visible light generation, so far only red light at < 420 THz (near the edge of the visible band) has been reported. In this work, we overcome strong material dispersion at visible wavelengths and demonstrate on-chip OPO in a Si3N4 microresonator covering >130 THz of the visible spectrum, including red, orange, yellow, and green wavelengths. In particular, using an input pump laser that is scanned 5 THz in the near-infrared from 386 THz to 391 THz, the OPO output signal is tuned from the near-infrared at 395 THz to the visible at 528 THz, while the OPO output idler is tuned from the near-infrared at 378 THz to the infrared at 254 THz. The widest signal-idler separation of 274 THz is more than an octave in span and is the widest demonstrated for a nanophotonic OPO to date. More generally, our work shows how nonlinear nanophotonics can transform light from readily accessible compact near-infrared lasers to targeted visible wavelengths of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Lu
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Gregory Moille
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ashutosh Rao
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daron Westly
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Fujii S, Tanaka S, Fuchida M, Amano H, Hayama Y, Suzuki R, Kakinuma Y, Tanabe T. Octave-wide phase-matched four-wave mixing in dispersion-engineered crystalline microresonators. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3146-3149. [PMID: 31199402 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report phase-matched four-wave mixing separated by over one octave in a dispersion-engineered crystalline microresonator. Experimental and numerical results presented here confirm that primary sidebands were generated with a frequency shift up to 140 THz, and that secondary sidebands formed a localized comb structure, known as a clustered comb in the vicinity of the primary sidebands. A theoretical analysis of the phase-matching condition validated our experimental observations, and our results agree well with numerical simulations. These results offer the potential to realize a frequency-tunable comb cluster generator operating from 1 μm to mid-infrared wavelengths with a single and compact device.
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Lu X, Moille G, Singh A, Li Q, Westly DA, Rao A, Yu SP, Briles TC, Papp SB, Srinivasan K. Milliwatt-threshold visible-telecom optical parametric oscillation using silicon nanophotonics. OPTICA 2019; 6:10.1364/optica.6.001535. [PMID: 34796261 PMCID: PMC8596780 DOI: 10.1364/optica.6.001535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The on-chip creation of coherent light at visible wavelengths is crucial to field-level deployment of spectroscopy and metrology systems. Although on-chip lasers have been implemented in specific cases, a general solution that is not restricted by limitations of specific gain media has not been reported. Here, we propose creating visible light from an infrared pump by widely-separated optical parametric oscillation (OPO) using silicon nanophotonics. The OPO creates signal and idler light in the 700 nm and 1300 nm bands, respectively, with a 900 nm pump. It operates at a threshold power of (0.9 ± 0.1) mW, over 50× smaller than other widely-separated microcavity OPO works, which have only been reported in the infrared. This low threshold enables direct pumping without need of an intermediate optical amplifier. We further show how the device design can be modified to generate 780 nm and 1500 nm light with a similar power efficiency. Our nanophotonic OPO shows distinct advantages in power efficiency, operation stability, and device scalability, and is a major advance towards flexible on-chip generation of coherent visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Lu
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Gregory Moille
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Anshuman Singh
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Daron A. Westly
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Ashutosh Rao
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Su-Peng Yu
- Time and Frequency Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Travis C. Briles
- Time and Frequency Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Scott B. Papp
- Time and Frequency Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Sayson NLB, Pham H, Webb KE, Ng V, Trainor LS, Schwefel HGL, Coen S, Erkintalo M, Murdoch SG. Origins of clustered frequency combs in Kerr microresonators. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:4180-4183. [PMID: 30160746 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments have demonstrated the generation of widely spaced parametric sidebands that can evolve into "clustered" optical frequency combs in Kerr microresonators. Here we describe the physics that underpins the formation of such clustered comb states. In particular, we show that the phase matching required for the initial sideband generation is such that (at least) one of the sidebands experiences anomalous dispersion, enabling the sideband to drive frequency comb formation via degenerate and non-degenerate four-wave mixing. We validate our proposal through a combination of experimental observations made in a magnesium-fluoride microresonator and corresponding numerical simulations. We also investigate the coherence properties of the resulting clustered frequency combs. Our findings provide valuable insights on the generation and dynamics of widely spaced parametric sidebands and clustered frequency combs in Kerr microresonators.
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Sayson NLB, Webb KE, Coen S, Erkintalo M, Murdoch SG. Widely tunable optical parametric oscillation in a Kerr microresonator. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:5190-5193. [PMID: 29240179 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.005190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first experimental demonstration of widely tunable parametric sideband generation in a Kerr microresonator. Specifically, by pumping a silica microsphere in the normal dispersion regime, we achieve the generation of phase-matched four-wave mixing sidebands at large frequency detunings from the pump. Thanks to the role of higher-order dispersion in enabling phase matching, small variations of the pump wavelength translate into very large and controllable changes in the wavelengths of the generated sidebands: we experimentally demonstrate over 720 nm of tunability using a low-power continuous-wave pump laser in the C-band. We also derive simple theoretical predictions for the phase-matched sideband frequencies and discuss the predictions in light of the discrete cavity resonance frequencies. Our experimentally measured sideband wavelengths are in very good agreement with theoretical predictions obtained from our simple phase-matching analysis.
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Huang SW, Vinod AK, Yang J, Yu M, Kwong DL, Wong CW. Quasi-phase-matched multispectral Kerr frequency comb. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:2110-2113. [PMID: 28569858 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.002110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We study a new type of Kerr frequency comb where the momentum conservation law is fulfilled by azimuthal modulation of the waveguide dispersion. The concept can expand the parametric range in which a Kerr frequency comb is obtained. In a good agreement with the theoretical analysis, we demonstrate a multispectral Kerr frequency comb covering important fiber-optic communication bands. Comb coherence and absence of a sub-comb offset are confirmed by continuous-wave heterodyne beat note and amplitude noise spectra measurements. The device can be used for achieving broadband optical frequency synthesizers and high-capacity coherent communication.
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Fujii S, Kato T, Suzuki R, Tanabe T. Third-harmonic blue light generation from Kerr clustered combs and dispersive waves. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:2010-2013. [PMID: 28504736 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.002010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated the deterministic generation of blue light emission (438 nm) via the third-harmonic process from an infrared pump by carefully engineering the dispersion of a high-quality-factor whispering gallery mode microcavity. We present two different approaches to obtaining broad bandwidth light. One is based on a clustered comb and the other employs a dispersive wave, and a broad Kerr comb spanning a half-octave is obtained. This allowed frequency conversion over a broad bandwidth ranging from 438 to 612 nm. This approach will enable the development of micro-scale light sources and frequency converters for future optical processing.
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