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Seeger M, Stylogiannis A, Prade L, Glasl S, Ntziachristos V. Overdriven laser diode optoacoustic microscopy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19542. [PMID: 37945920 PMCID: PMC10636104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46855-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Laser diodes are small and inexpensive but don't afford the pulse energy and beam profile required for optoacoustic (photoacoustic) microscopy. Using two novel modulation concepts, i.e. overdriving continuous-wave laser diodes (CWLD) and frequency-wavelength multiplexing (FWM) based on illumination pulse-trains, we demonstrate concurrent multi-wavelength optoacoustic microscopy with signal-to-noise ratios of > 17 dB, < 2 µm resolution at repetition rates of 1 MHz. This unprecedented performance based on an adaptable trigger engine allowed us to contrast FWM to wavelength alternating acquisition using identical optical components. We showcase this concept's superiority over conventional optoacoustic microscopes by visualizing vascular oxygenation dynamics and circulating tumor cells in mice. This work positions laser diodes as a technology allowing affordable, tunable, and miniaturizable optoacoustic microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Seeger
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger St 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landst. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antonios Stylogiannis
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger St 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landst. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Prade
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger St 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landst. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Glasl
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger St 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landst. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger St 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landst. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering (MIBE), Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748, Garching b. München, Germany.
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Li X, Yeung K, Tsang VTC, Huang B, Lo CTK, Wong TTW. Low-cost high-resolution photoacoustic microscopy of blood oxygenation with two laser diodes. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:3893-3903. [PMID: 35991932 PMCID: PMC9352289 DOI: 10.1364/boe.458645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) has been widely used for imaging blood vessel and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (sO2), providing high-resolution functional images of living animals in vivo. However, most of them require one or multiple bulky and costly pulsed lasers, hindering their applicability in preclinical and clinical settings. In this paper, we demonstrate a reflection-mode low-cost high-resolution OR-PAM system by using two cost-effective and compact laser diodes (LDs), achieving microvasculature and sO2 imaging with a high lateral resolution of ∼6 µm. The cost of the excitation sources has dramatically reduced by ∼20-40 times compared to that of the pulsed lasers used in state-of-the-art OR-PAM systems. A blood phantom study was performed to show a determination coefficient R 2 of 0.96 in linear regression analysis. Experimental results of in vivo mouse ear imaging show that the proposed dual-wavelength LD-based PAM system can provide high-resolution functional images at a low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Li
- Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kylie Yeung
- Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Victor T. C. Tsang
- Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bingxin Huang
- Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Claudia T. K. Lo
- Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence T. W. Wong
- Translational and Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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Functional photoacoustic microscopy of hemodynamics: a review. Biomed Eng Lett 2022; 12:97-124. [PMID: 35529339 PMCID: PMC9046529 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-022-00220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional blood imaging can reflect tissue metabolism and organ viability, which is important for life science and biomedical studies. However, conventional imaging modalities either cannot provide sufficient contrast or cannot support simultaneous multi-functional imaging for hemodynamics. Photoacoustic imaging, as a hybrid imaging modality, can provide sufficient optical contrast and high spatial resolution, making it a powerful tool for in vivo vascular imaging. By using the optical-acoustic confocal alignment, photoacoustic imaging can even provide subcellular insight, referred as optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM). Based on a multi-wavelength laser source and developed the calculation methods, OR-PAM can provide multi-functional hemodynamic microscopic imaging of the total hemoglobin concentration (CHb), oxygen saturation (sO2), blood flow (BF), partial oxygen pressure (pO2), oxygen extraction fraction, and metabolic rate of oxygen (MRO2). This concise review aims to systematically introduce the principles and methods to acquire various functional parameters for hemodynamics by photoacoustic microscopy in recent studies, with characteristics and advantages comparison, typical biomedical applications introduction, and future outlook discussion.
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Reis G, Tan X, Kraft L, Yilmaz M, Schoeb DS, Miernik A. Safe Hb Concentration Measurement during Bladder Irrigation Using Artificial Intelligence. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21175723. [PMID: 34502612 PMCID: PMC8433749 DOI: 10.3390/s21175723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a sensor for monitoring the hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in the effluent of a continuous bladder irrigation. The Hb concentration measurement is based on light absorption within a fixed measuring distance. The light frequency used is selected so that both arterial and venous Hb are equally detected. The sensor allows the measurement of the Hb concentration up to a maximum value of 3.2 g/dL (equivalent to ≈20% blood concentration). Since bubble formation in the outflow tract cannot be avoided with current irrigation systems, a neural network is implemented that can robustly detect air bubbles within the measurement section. The network considers both optical and temporal features and is able to effectively safeguard the measurement process. The sensor supports the use of different irrigants (salt and electrolyte-free solutions) as well as measurement through glass shielding. The sensor can be used in a non-invasive way with current irrigation systems. The sensor is positively tested in a clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Reis
- Department Augmented Vision, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Xiaoying Tan
- Department Augmented Vision, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany;
| | - Lea Kraft
- Medical Centre, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (L.K.); (M.Y.); (D.S.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Mehmet Yilmaz
- Medical Centre, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (L.K.); (M.Y.); (D.S.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Dominik Stephan Schoeb
- Medical Centre, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (L.K.); (M.Y.); (D.S.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Arkadiusz Miernik
- Medical Centre, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (L.K.); (M.Y.); (D.S.S.); (A.M.)
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