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Klufts M, Jiménez AM, Lotz S, Bashir MA, Pfeiffer T, Mlynek A, Wieser W, Chamorovskiy A, Bradu A, Podoleanu A, Huber R. 828 kHz retinal imaging with an 840 nm Fourier domain mode locked laser. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:6493-6508. [PMID: 38420314 PMCID: PMC10898573 DOI: 10.1364/boe.504302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents a Fourier domain mode locked (FDML) laser centered around 840 nm. It features a bidirectional sweep repetition rate of 828 kHz and a spectral bandwidth of 40 nm. An axial resolution of ∼9.9 µm in water and a 1.4 cm sensitivity roll-off are achieved. Utilizing a complex master-slave (CMS) recalibration method and due to a sufficiently high sensitivity of 84.6 dB, retinal layers of the human eye in-vivo can be resolved during optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination. The developed FDML laser enables acquisition rates of 3D-volumes with a size of 200 × 100 × 256 voxels in under 100 milliseconds. Detailed information on the FDML implementation, its challenging design tasks, and OCT images obtained with the laser are presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Klufts
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | | | - Simon Lotz
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adrian Bradu
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Podoleanu
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Huber
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
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Liu Z, Zhang F, Zucca K, Agrawal A, Hammer DX. Ultrahigh-speed multimodal adaptive optics system for microscopic structural and functional imaging of the human retina. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:5860-5878. [PMID: 36733751 PMCID: PMC9872887 DOI: 10.1364/boe.462594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design and performance of a multimodal and multifunctional adaptive optics (AO) system that combines scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) for simultaneous retinal imaging at 13.4 Hz. The high-speed AO-OCT channel uses a 3.4 MHz Fourier-domain mode-locked (FDML) swept source. The system achieves exquisite resolution and sensitivity for pan-macular and transretinal visualization of retinal cells and structures while providing a functional assessment of the cone photoreceptors. The ultra-high speed also enables wide-field scans for clinical usability and angiography for vascular visualization. The FDA FDML-AO system is a powerful platform for studying various retinal and neurological diseases for vision science research, retina physiology investigation, and biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolin Liu
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health
(CDRH), U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - Furu Zhang
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health
(CDRH), U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
- Co-first author
| | - Kelvy Zucca
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health
(CDRH), U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - Anant Agrawal
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health
(CDRH), U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - Daniel X. Hammer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health
(CDRH), U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
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Alexopoulos P, Madu C, Wollstein G, Schuman JS. The Development and Clinical Application of Innovative Optical Ophthalmic Imaging Techniques. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:891369. [PMID: 35847772 PMCID: PMC9279625 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.891369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of ophthalmic imaging has grown substantially over the last years. Massive improvements in image processing and computer hardware have allowed the emergence of multiple imaging techniques of the eye that can transform patient care. The purpose of this review is to describe the most recent advances in eye imaging and explain how new technologies and imaging methods can be utilized in a clinical setting. The introduction of optical coherence tomography (OCT) was a revolution in eye imaging and has since become the standard of care for a plethora of conditions. Its most recent iterations, OCT angiography, and visible light OCT, as well as imaging modalities, such as fluorescent lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy, would allow a more thorough evaluation of patients and provide additional information on disease processes. Toward that goal, the application of adaptive optics (AO) and full-field scanning to a variety of eye imaging techniques has further allowed the histologic study of single cells in the retina and anterior segment. Toward the goal of remote eye care and more accessible eye imaging, methods such as handheld OCT devices and imaging through smartphones, have emerged. Finally, incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) in eye images has the potential to become a new milestone for eye imaging while also contributing in social aspects of eye care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaiologos Alexopoulos
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chisom Madu
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Center for Neural Science, College of Arts & Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joel S. Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Center for Neural Science, College of Arts & Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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Huang D, Shi Y, Li F, Wai PKA. Fourier Domain Mode Locked Laser and Its Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3145. [PMID: 35590839 PMCID: PMC9105910 DOI: 10.3390/s22093145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The sweep rate of conventional short-cavity lasers with an intracavity-swept filter is limited by the buildup time of laser signals from spontaneous emissions. The Fourier domain mode-locked (FDML) laser was proposed to overcome the limitations of buildup time by inserting a long fiber delay in the cavity to store the whole swept signal and has attracted much interest in both theoretical and experimental studies. In this review, the theoretical models to understand the dynamics of the FDML laser and the experimental techniques to realize high speed, wide sweep range, long coherence length, high output power and highly stable swept signals in FDML lasers will be discussed. We will then discuss the applications of FDML lasers in optical coherence tomography (OCT), fiber sensing, precision measurement, microwave generation and nonlinear microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Huang
- Photonics Research Institute, Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (D.H.); (Y.S.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China;
| | - Yihuan Shi
- Photonics Research Institute, Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; (D.H.); (Y.S.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China;
| | - Feng Li
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China;
- Photonics Research Institute, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - P. K. A. Wai
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China;
- Photonics Research Institute, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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Miao Y, Song J, Hsu D, Ng R, Jian Y, Sarunic MV, Ju MJ. Numerical calibration method for a multiple spectrometer-based OCT system. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:1685-1701. [PMID: 35414988 PMCID: PMC8973183 DOI: 10.1364/boe.450942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present paper introduces a numerical calibration method for the easy and practical implementation of multiple spectrometer-based spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) systems. To address the limitations of the traditional hardware-based spectrometer alignment across more than one spectrometer, we applied a numerical spectral calibration algorithm where the pixels corresponding to the same wavelength in each unit are identified through spatial- and frequency-domain interferometric signatures of a mirror sample. The utility of dual spectrometer-based SD-OCT imaging is demonstrated through in vivo retinal imaging at two different operation modes with high-speed and dual balanced acquisitions, respectively, in which the spectral alignment is critical to achieve improved retinal image data without any artifacts caused by misalignment of the spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Miao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jun Song
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Destiny Hsu
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Ringo Ng
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Yifan Jian
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Marinko V. Sarunic
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Myeong Jin Ju
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Ni S, Nguyen TTP, Ng R, Khan S, Ostmo S, Jia Y, Chiang MF, Huang D, Campbell JP, Jian Y. 105° field of view non-contact handheld swept-source optical coherence tomography. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:5878-5881. [PMID: 34851913 PMCID: PMC10443941 DOI: 10.1364/ol.443672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a handheld swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) system with a 400 kHz vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) light source, a non-contact approach, and an unprecedented single shot 105° field of view (FOV). We also implemented a spiral scanning pattern allowing real-time visualization with improved scanning efficiency. To the best of our knowledge, this is the widest FOV achieved in a portable non-contact OCT retinal imaging system to date. Improvements to the FOV may aid the evaluation of retinal diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity, where important vitreoretinal changes often occur in the peripheral retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuibin Ni
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Thanh-Tin P. Nguyen
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Ringo Ng
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University,
Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Shanjida Khan
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Susan Ostmo
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Yali Jia
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Michael F. Chiang
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David Huang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - J. Peter Campbell
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Yifan Jian
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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