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Stokowski HS, McKenna TP, Park T, Hwang AY, Dean DJ, Celik OT, Ansari V, Fejer MM, Safavi-Naeini AH. Integrated quantum optical phase sensor in thin film lithium niobate. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3355. [PMID: 37291141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The quantum noise of light, attributed to the random arrival time of photons from a coherent light source, fundamentally limits optical phase sensors. An engineered source of squeezed states suppresses this noise and allows phase detection sensitivity beyond the quantum noise limit (QNL). We need ways to use quantum light within deployable quantum sensors. Here we present a photonic integrated circuit in thin-film lithium niobate that meets these requirements. We use the second-order nonlinearity to produce a squeezed state at the same frequency as the pump light and realize circuit control and sensing with electro-optics. Using 26.2 milliwatts of optical power, we measure (2.7 ± 0.2)% squeezing and apply it to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of phase measurement. We anticipate that photonic systems like this, which operate with low power and integrate all of the needed functionality on a single die, will open new opportunities for quantum optical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert S Stokowski
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Timothy P McKenna
- Physics & Informatics Laboratories, NTT Research, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA
| | - Taewon Park
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alexander Y Hwang
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Devin J Dean
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Oguz Tolga Celik
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Vahid Ansari
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Martin M Fejer
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Amir H Safavi-Naeini
- Department of Applied Physics and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Tang Y, Ding T, Lu C, Qiu J, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Liu S, Zheng Y, Chen X. Broadband second-harmonic generation in an angle-cut lithium niobate-on-insulator waveguide by a temperature gradient. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1108-1111. [PMID: 36857225 DOI: 10.1364/ol.481649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Frequency conversion via nonlinear wave mixing is an important technology to broaden the spectral range of lasers, propelling their applications in optical communication, spectroscopy, signal processing, and quantum information. Many applications require not only a high conversion efficiency but also a broad phase matching bandwidth. Here, we demonstrate broadband birefringence phase matching (BPM) second-harmonic generation (SHG) in angle-cut lithium niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) ridge waveguides based on a temperature gradient scheme. The bandwidth and shift of the phase matching spectrum can be effectively tuned by controlling the temperature gradient of the waveguide. Broadband SHG of a telecom C-band femtosecond laser is also demonstrated. The approach may open a new avenue for tunable broadband nonlinear frequency conversion in various integrated photonics platforms.
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Boes A, Chang L, Langrock C, Yu M, Zhang M, Lin Q, Lončar M, Fejer M, Bowers J, Mitchell A. Lithium niobate photonics: Unlocking the electromagnetic spectrum. Science 2023; 379:eabj4396. [PMID: 36603073 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj4396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lithium niobate (LN), first synthesized 70 years ago, has been widely used in diverse applications ranging from communications to quantum optics. These high-volume commercial applications have provided the economic means to establish a mature manufacturing and processing industry for high-quality LN crystals and wafers. Breakthrough science demonstrations to commercial products have been achieved owing to the ability of LN to generate and manipulate electromagnetic waves across a broad spectrum, from microwave to ultraviolet frequencies. Here, we provide a high-level Review of the history of LN as an optical material, its different photonic platforms, engineering concepts, spectral coverage, and essential applications before providing an outlook for the future of LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Boes
- Integrated Photonics and Applications Centre (InPAC), School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Lin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communications System and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Carsten Langrock
- Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mengjie Yu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Marko Lončar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Martin Fejer
- Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John Bowers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- Integrated Photonics and Applications Centre (InPAC), School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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