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Wan Z, Cen Q, Ding Y, Tao S, Zeng C, Xia J, Xu K, Dai Y, Li M. Virtual-State Model for Analyzing Electro-Optical Modulation in Ring Resonators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:123802. [PMID: 38579232 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.123802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Ring resonators play a crucial role in optical communication and quantum technology applications. However, these devices lack a simple and intuitive theoretical model to describe their electro-optical modulation. When the resonance frequency is rapidly modulated, the filtering and modulation within a ring resonator become physically intertwined, making it difficult to analyze the complex physical processes involved. We address this by proposing an analytical solution for electro-optic ring modulators based on the concept of a "virtual state." This approach equates a lightwave passing through a dynamic ring modulator to one excited to a virtual state by a cumulative phase and then returning to the real state after exiting the static ring. Our model simplifies the independent analysis of the intertwined physical processes, enhancing its versatility in analyzing various incident signals and modulation formats. Experimental results, including resonant and detuning modulation, align with the numerical simulation of our model. Notably, our findings indicate that the dynamic modulation of the ring resonator under detuning driving approximates phase modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Qizhuang Cen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuedi Ding
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shiqi Tao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jinsong Xia
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Yitang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Migliore A, Messina A. Controlling the charge-transfer dynamics of two-level systems around avoided crossings. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:084112. [PMID: 38415830 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-level quantum systems are fundamental physical models that continue to attract growing interest due to their crucial role as a building block of quantum technologies. The exact analytical solution of the dynamics of these systems is central to control theory and its applications, such as that to quantum computing. In this study, we reconsider the two-state charge transfer problem by extending and using a methodology developed to study (pseudo)spin systems in quantum electrodynamics contexts. This approach allows us to build a time evolution operator for the charge transfer system and to show new opportunities for the coherent control of the system dynamics, with a particular emphasis on the critical dynamic region around the transition state coordinate, where the avoided crossing of the energy levels occurs. We identify and propose possible experimental implementations of a class of rotations of the charge donor (or acceptor) that endow the electronic coupling matrix element with a time-dependent phase that can be employed to realize controllable coherent dynamics of the system across the avoided level crossing. The analogy of these rotations to reference frame rotations in generalized semiclassical Rabi models is discussed. We also show that the physical rotations in the charge-transfer systems can be performed so as to implement quantum gates relevant to quantum computing. From an exquisitely physical-mathematical viewpoint, our approach brings to light situations in which the time-dependent state of the system can be obtained without resorting to the special functions appearing in the Landau-Zener approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Migliore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonino Messina
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 34, I-90123 Palermo, Italy
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Herrmann JF, Dean DJ, Sarabalis CJ, Ansari V, Multani K, Wollack EA, McKenna TP, Witmer JD, Safavi-Naeini AH. Arbitrary electro-optic bandwidth and frequency control in lithium niobate optical resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:6168-6177. [PMID: 38439326 DOI: 10.1364/oe.502142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
In situ tunable photonic filters and memories are important for emerging quantum and classical optics technologies. However, most photonic devices have fixed resonances and bandwidths determined at the time of fabrication. Here we present an in situ tunable optical resonator on thin-film lithium niobate. By leveraging the linear electro-optic effect, we demonstrate widely tunable control over resonator frequency and bandwidth on two different devices. We observe up to ∼50 × tuning in the bandwidth over ∼50 V with linear frequency control of ∼230 MHz/V. We also develop a closed-form model predicting the tuning behavior of the device. This paves the way for rapid phase and amplitude control over light transmitted through our device.
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Hwang H, Nurrahman MR, Heo H, Ko K, Moon K, Ju JJ, Han SW, Jung H, Lee H, Seo MK. Hyperband electro-optic modulator based on a two-pulley coupled lithium niobate racetrack resonator. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:658-661. [PMID: 38300083 DOI: 10.1364/ol.514192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Integrated optical modulators (IOMs) are crucial components of on-chip photonic circuits. However, most conventional IOMs are restricted to specific spectral bands. Here, we leveraged the wide transparency window of lithium niobate in conjunction with the two-pulley coupled resonator method. This approach led to the development of a hyperband electro-optic (EO) modulator that operates over an expansive spectral range from 775 to 1550 nm on a single device. The demonstrated EO modulator exhibits half-wave voltage-length products of 0.25, 0.93, and 0.68 V·cm at wavelengths of 1539.50, 969.70, and 775.17 nm, respectively.
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