1
|
Sloyan K, Melkonyan H, Apostoleris H, Dahlem MS, Chiesa M, Al Ghaferi A. A review of focused ion beam applications in optical fibers. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:472004. [PMID: 34388743 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1d75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Focused ion beam (FIB) technology has become a promising technique in micro- and nano-prototyping due to several advantages over its counterparts such as direct (maskless) processing, sub-10 nm feature size, and high reproducibility. Moreover, FIB machining can be effectively implemented on both conventional planar substrates and unconventional curved surfaces such as optical fibers, which are popular as an effective medium for telecommunications. Optical fibers have also been widely used as intrinsically light-coupled substrates to create a wide variety of compact fiber-optic devices by FIB milling diverse micro- and nanostructures onto the fiber surface (endfacet or outer cladding). In this paper, the broad applications of the FIB technology in optical fibers are reviewed. After an introduction to the technology, incorporating the FIB system and its basic operating modes, a brief overview of the lab-on-fiber technology is presented. Furthermore, the typical and most recent applications of the FIB machining in optical fibers for various applications are summarized. Finally, the reviewed work is concluded by suggesting the possible future directions for improving the micro- and nanomachining capabilities of the FIB technology in optical fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sloyan
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory for Energy and Nano Science (LENS), Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Henrik Melkonyan
- Department of Physics, Yerevan State University, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Harry Apostoleris
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory for Energy and Nano Science (LENS), Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marcus S Dahlem
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Center (IMEC), Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Matteo Chiesa
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory for Energy and Nano Science (LENS), Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9010, Norway
| | - Amal Al Ghaferi
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory for Energy and Nano Science (LENS), Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yin X, Shi P, Yang A, Du L, Yuan X. Surface plasmon coupled nano-probe for near field scanning optical microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:14831-14838. [PMID: 32403517 DOI: 10.1364/oe.389176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) is a powerful tool for study of the nanoscale information of objects by measuring their near-field electric field distributions. The near-field probe, which determines NSOM system performance, can be either a scattering-type or an aperture-type. Both types have strengths and weaknesses. Here we propose and study a surface plasmon-coupled type nano-probe, which works as a hybrid scheme and could potentially combine the advantages of the two NSOM probe types. The key element of the proposed probe is a nanoparticle-on-film structure designed on a tapered fiber tip. On the one hand, the probe can yield the signals scattered in the near field by a nanoparticle with a scattering mechanism; on the other hand, the scattered signals can be transmitted by the metal film and coupled into the fiber via surface plasmon coupled emission, thus providing a collection mode similar to an aperture-type NSOM. This will lead to signal enhancement, while greatly suppressing background noise. This surface plasmon-coupled nano-probe thus has great potential for near-field optical microscopy applications.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yuan W, Wang F, Savenko A, Petersen DH, Bang O. Note: Optical fiber milled by focused ion beam and its application for Fabry-Pérot refractive index sensor. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:076103. [PMID: 21806237 DOI: 10.1063/1.3608111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a highly compact fiber-optic Fabry-Pérot refractive index sensor integrated with a fluid channel that is fabricated directly near the tip of a 32 μm in diameter single-mode fiber taper. The focused ion beam technique is used to efficiently mill the microcavity from the fiber side and finely polish the end facets of the cavity with a high spatial resolution. It is found that a fringe visibility of over 15 dB can be achieved and that the sensor has a sensitivity of ~1731 nm/RIU (refractive index units) and a detection limit of ~5.78 × 10(-6) RIU. This miniature integrated all-in-fiber optofludic sensor may find use in minimal-invasive biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Yuan
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rollinson CM, Huntington ST, Gibson BC, Rubanov S, Canning J. Characterization of nanoscale features in tapered fractal and photonic crystal fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:1860-1865. [PMID: 21369001 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.001860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The internal structure of nanostructured air-silica fiber probes have been characterized using a combined focused ion beam and scanning electron microscopy technique. The collapse rate of the air-holes is shown to differ substantially between a regular photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and the quasi-periodic Fractal fiber. The integrity of the Fractal fiber structure is maintained down to an outer diameter as small as 120 nm, whereas the air-holes of the regular PCF begin to collapse when the outer diameter is approximately 820 nm. The observed smallest hole diameter of 10 nm is suggested to be due to physical limits imposed by the molecular structure of silica. These results confirm structural inferences made in previous publications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Rollinson
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huyang G, Canning J, Gibson BC, Khoury T, Sum TJ, Neto C, Crossley MJ. Focused ion beam processing and engineering of devices in self-assembled supramolecular structures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:485301. [PMID: 19880978 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/48/485301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled supramolecular structures such as optical wires, films and 2D slabs offer a new generation of electronic and optical devices. In particular, self-assembled porphyrin devices, including those integrated onto silica and silicon platforms, open new opportunities in photonic applications spanning molecular biosensing, photovoltaics and telecommunications. All reports to date, however, largely highlight the potential but have not established a clear pathway to the actual implementation of more complex device prototypes. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate the use of a focused ion beam (FIB) to process and fabricate devices in porphyrin-based supramolecular structures. These self-assembled structures have an initial root mean squared (rms) values for surface roughness of < 0.5 nm as measured by atomic force microscopy. Under appropriate FIB processing and cutting conditions, the rms value for surface roughness falls to < 0.4 nm, comparable with some of the best optical flatnesses obtained within, for example, structured optical fibres and integrated optical waveguides. The milling rate of the porphyrin structures was estimated to be approximately 70% of that of silica. The versatility of a FIB as a tool for rapid processing and fabricating 1D and 2D photonic waveguide structures within supramolecular self-assembled platforms is demonstrated by fabricating a 2D coupler, setting the groundwork for true optical device engineering and integration using these new organic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Huyang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Canning J, Stevenson M, Yip TK, Lim SK, Martelli C. White light sources based on multiple precision selective micro-filling of structured optical waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:15700-15708. [PMID: 18825208 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.015700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiple precision selective micro-filling of a structured optical fibre using three luminescent dyes enables the simultaneous capture of red, blue and green luminescence within the core to generate white light. The technology opens up a new approach to integration and superposition of the properties of multiple materials to create unique composite properties within structured waveguides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Canning
- Interdisciplinary Photonics Laboratories, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, 206 National Innovation Centre, Eveleigh 1430, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang KG, Wang L, Li J, Xu GW, Jin AZ, Gu CZ, Liu WQ, Niu HB. The morphology of DNA solution in an open fluidic channel studied by non-contact AFM. Micron 2008; 39:481-5. [PMID: 17353127 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The morphologies of pure buffer solution and DNA-containing solution in an open fluidic channel with rectangle cross section (1 microm in width and 150 nm in depth) have been explored using non-contact AFM. A remarkable feature is that a uniform nano-scale trench (approximately 15 nm deep and 14 microm long) on the surface of the DNA solution has been observed. The presence of two neighboring stretched DNA molecules near the solution surface may be responsible for the configuration of the nanotrench. This new phenomenon of partially stretched DNA molecules is likely to be useful for the future designing of fluidic devices, and for the manipulation and study of single DNA molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ge Wang
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Martelli C, Olivero P, Canning J, Groothoff N, Gibson B, Huntington S. Micromachining structured optical fibers using focused ion beam milling. OPTICS LETTERS 2007; 32:1575-7. [PMID: 17546193 DOI: 10.1364/ol.32.001575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A focused ion beam is used to mill side holes in air-silica structured fibers. By way of example, side holes are introduced in two types of air-structured fiber, (1) a photonic crystal four-ring fiber and (2) a six-hole single-ring step-index structured fiber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cicero Martelli
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, 206 National Innovation Centre, Eveleigh 1430, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|