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Determination of β 2-Agonist Residues in Fermented Ham Using UHPLC-MS/MS after Enzymatic Digestion and Sulfonic Resin Solid Phase Purification. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052039. [PMID: 36903285 PMCID: PMC10004211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
β2-agonists are a class of synthetic sympathomimetic drugs with acute poisoning effects if consumed as residues in foods. To improve the efficiency of sample preparation and to overcome matrix-dependent signal suppression in the quantitative analysis of four β2-agonists (clenbuterol, ractopamine, salbutamol, and terbutaline) residues in fermented ham, an enzyme digestion coupled cation exchange purification method for sample preparation was established using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Enzymatic digests were subject to cleanup treatment on three different solid phase extraction (SPE) columns and a polymer-based strong cation resin (SCR) cartridge containing sulfonic resin was found to be optimal compared with silica-based sulfonic acid and polymer sulfonic acid resins based SPEs. The analytes were investigated over the linear range of 0.5 to 10.0 μg/kg with recovery rates of 76.0-102.0%, and a relative standard deviation of 1.8-13.3% (n = 6). The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.1 μg/kg and 0.3 μg/kg, respectively. This newly developed method was applied to the detection of β2-agonist residues in 50 commercial ham products and only one sample was found to contain β2-agonist residues (clenbuterol at 15.2 µg/kg).
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2
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Wang M, Zhu M, Wang Y, Fan Z, Wu S, Zhang X, Tong Z. In situ Preparation of HNbMoO 6/C Nanocomposite for Sensitive Detection of Clenbuterol. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 189:960-971. [PMID: 31152354 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we synthesized HNbMoO6/C composite through the calcination of octylamine-intercalated HNbMoO6 precursor. The resulting HNbMoO6/C composite showed some new phases of MoO2, MoO3, NbO2, Nb2O5, and carbon, which was fully confirmed via powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technologies. Besides, the HNbMoO6/C hybrid was coated on glass carbon electrode to construct an electrochemical sensor for sensitive determination of clenbuterol. The electrochemical behaviors of clenbuterol on the prepared electrode were tested by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analysis. The results showed that the intercalated carbon can act as active sites to accelerate electron transfer. In addition, more exposed surface areas of the HNbMoO6/C composite will facilitate the electrolyte to permeate. The oxidation peak current of clenbuterol was linearly related to its concentration in the range of 1.04 × 10-5 to 7.51 × 10-4 mol L-1, and the determination limit was calculated to be 3.03 × 10-6 mol L-1 (S/N = 3). This sensor exhibits excellent stability, reproducibility, specificity, and good recoveries when applied to monitor clenbuterol in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Mengde Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Zichun Fan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Shining Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Zhiwei Tong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China. .,SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi Center Building 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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3
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Electrochemical determination of the activity of DNA methyltransferase based on the methyl binding domain protein and a customized modular detector. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:229. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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4
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Simon T, Shellaiah M, Steffi P, Sun KW, Ko FH. Development of extremely stable dual functionalized gold nanoparticles for effective colorimetric detection of clenbuterol and ractopamine in human urine samples. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1023:96-104. [PMID: 29754612 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
New glutamic acid (Glu) and polyethylenimine (PE) functionalized ultra-stable gold nanoparticles (PE-Glu-AuNPs) were developed via a simple NaBH4 reduction method. The low toxicity and biocompatibility of PE-Glu-AuNPs were confirmed via an MTT assay in Raw 264.7 cells. Excitingly, PE-Glu-AuNPs were found to be extremely stable at room temperature up to six months and were utilized in an effective colorimetric naked eye assay of clenbuterol (CLB) and ractopamine (RCT) at pH 5. It was found that the selective assay of CLB and RCT is not affected by any other interferences (such as alanine, phenylalanine, NaCl, CaCl2, threonine, cysteine, glycine, glucose, urea and salbutamol). Furthermore, the detection of these β-agonists can be visually accomplished through change color from wine red to purple blue. Notably, the aggregation induced detection of CLB and RCT was well confirmed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies. DLS investigations, clearly showed, that in the presence of CLB and RCT, the initial size of PE-Glu-AuNPs (12.8 ± 8.6 nm) was changed to 84.8 ± 52.3 and 79.5 ± 47.8 nm, respectively, via aggregation. Furthermore, the colorimetric assays of CLB and RCT with PE-Glu-AuNPs were effective starting from CLB and RCT concentrations of 200 nM and 400 nM, respectively, and could be visualized using the naked eyes. Remarkably, UV-vis titrations of PE-Glu-AuNPs with CLB and RCT could be used to well estimate their sub nanomolar detection limits (LODs) via standard deviation and linear fittings. The contribution of surface functional groups that support the analyte recognition was confirmed by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Moreover, the CLB and RCT assays with PE-Glu-AuNPs were supported by examination of human urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turibius Simon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Muthaiah Shellaiah
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Perpectual Steffi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Kien Wen Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Hsiang Ko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
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5
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Shellaiah M, Simon T, Venkatesan P, Sun KW, Ko FH, Wu SP. Nanodiamonds conjugated to gold nanoparticles for colorimetric detection of clenbuterol and chromium(III) in urine. Mikrochim Acta 2017; 185:74. [PMID: 29594526 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds were modified such that they carry thiol groups (ND-thiol). Gold nanoparticles were reacted with ND-thiol to obtain a highly stable conjugate of the type ND@AuNPs. Both ND-thiol and the ND@AuNPs were characterized by SEM, TEM, AFM, DLS, zeta potential, XPS, XRD, UV-Vis, Raman, FTIR and cytotoxicity studies. Their biocompatibility was confirmed via an MTT assay with HeLa cells. At a pH value of 6, the ND@AuNPs represent a colorimetric probe that can be used to selectively detect the illegally used β-adrenergic drug clenbuterol (CLB) and the pollutant chromium(III). Detection can be performed visually by monitoring the color change from wine red to purple blue, or by colorimetric measurement of the so-called SPR peaks at 651 and 710 nm. The color changes are due to aggregation, and this is confirmed by TEM and DLS data. The involvement of surface functional groups that assist in analyte recognition was verified by FTIR. The detection limits are 0.49 nM for CLB, and 0.37 nM for Cr(III). The ND@AuNPs were successfully applied to the determination of Cr(III) and CLB in spiked human urine samples. Notably, the low interference by other ions in the detection of Cr(III) in tap and lake water is confirmed by ICP-MS analyses. Graphical abstract Nanodiamonds carrying thiol groups (ND-Thiol) were conjugated to gold nanoparticles, and the resulting ND@AuNPs are shown to be viable probes for the colorimetric detection of sub-nanomolar levels of clenbuterol (CLB) and Cr(III) ions, with demonstrated applicability to real water and urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthaiah Shellaiah
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Turibius Simon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Parthiban Venkatesan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Kien Wen Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan. .,Department of Electronics Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Fu-Hsiang Ko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Pao Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
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6
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Velasco‐Bejarano B, Bautista J, Noguez MO, Camacho E, Rodríguez ME, Rodríguez L. Resolution of
R‐(−)
and
S‐(+)‐
enantiomers of clenbuterol in pharmaceutical preparations and black‐market products using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1738-1743. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Velasco‐Bejarano
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán‐UNAMDepartamento de Ciencias Químicas, Sección de Química Orgánica Av. 1 de mayo S/N, Col. Sta. María las Torres Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México México C.P. 54740
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
| | - Jahir Bautista
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
| | - Ma. Olivia Noguez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán‐UNAMDepartamento de Ciencias Químicas, Sección de Química Orgánica Av. 1 de mayo S/N, Col. Sta. María las Torres Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México México C.P. 54740
| | - Evangelina Camacho
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
| | - Martha E. Rodríguez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
| | - Leonardo Rodríguez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
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7
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Parr MK, Blokland MH, Liebetrau F, Schmidt AH, Meijer T, Stanic M, Kwiatkowska D, Waraksa E, Sterk SS. Distinction of clenbuterol intake from drug or contaminated food of animal origin in a controlled administration trial - the potential of enantiomeric separation for doping control analysis. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:525-535. [PMID: 27690842 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1242169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of clenbuterol abuse and unintentional ingestion from contaminated meat is crucial with respect to the valuation of an adverse analytical finding in human sports doping control. The proportion of the two enantiomers of clenbuterol may serve as potential discriminating parameter. For the determination of the individual enantiomers, specific methods were developed and validated for the different matrices under investigation based on chiral chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Data are presented from the administration to humans of clenbuterol from a pharmaceutical preparation, and from cattle meat and liver containing residues. A shift in the proportion of the enantiomers in cattle meat is detected and this signature is also found in human urine after ingestion. Thus, an altered enantiomeric composition of clenbuterol may be used to substantiate athletes' claims following adverse analytical findings in doping control. However, in meat, the enantiomeric composition was found to be highly variable. Species as well as tissue dependent variances need to be considered in interpreting enantiomer discrimination. Analysis of post administration urines from a controlled experiment comparing the administration of racemic clenbuterol from a registered pharmaceutical preparation and the administration of residue-containing meat and liver (nonracemic mixture) from treated animals is reported. Furthermore doping control samples from Mexican U17 World Championship 2011 of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), with adverse analytical findings for clenbuterol, were re-analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kristina Parr
- a Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Marco H Blokland
- b Institute for Food Safety , RIKILT Wageningen UR , Wageningen , Netherlands
| | - Franz Liebetrau
- a Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Alexander H Schmidt
- a Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany.,c Chromicent GmbH , Berlin , Germany
| | - Thijs Meijer
- b Institute for Food Safety , RIKILT Wageningen UR , Wageningen , Netherlands
| | | | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- d Department of Anti-Doping Research , Institute of Sport - National Research Institute , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Emilia Waraksa
- d Department of Anti-Doping Research , Institute of Sport - National Research Institute , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Saskia S Sterk
- b Institute for Food Safety , RIKILT Wageningen UR , Wageningen , Netherlands
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8
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Liu H, Gan N, Chen Y, Ding Q, Huang J, Lin S, Cao Y, Li T. Novel method for the rapid and specific extraction of multiple β
2
‐agonist residues in food by tailor‐made Monolith‐MIPs extraction disks and detection by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3578-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Liu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringNingbo University Ningbo China
| | - Ning Gan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringNingbo University Ningbo China
| | - Yinji Chen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and SafetyNanjing University of Finance and Economics Nanjing China
| | - Qingqing Ding
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringNingbo University Ningbo China
| | - Jie Huang
- Faculty of Marine ScienceNingbo University Ningbo China
| | - Saichai Lin
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringNingbo University Ningbo China
| | - Yuting Cao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringNingbo University Ningbo China
| | - Tianhua Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical EngineeringNingbo University Ningbo China
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9
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Zhang J, Shao X, Yue J, Li D, Chen Z. Preparation of ractopamine-tetraphenylborate complexed nanoparticles used as sensors to rapidly determine ractopamine residues in pork. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:639. [PMID: 25489290 PMCID: PMC4256977 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we reported a simple, fast, and sensitive determination of ractopamine (RAC) residues in pork by using novel ractopamine-tetraphenylborate complexed nanoparticles (RT NPs) as sensors. The prepared RT NPs exhibited a fast response time of 10 s, a wide linear range from 0.1 to 1.0 × 10(-7) mol/L, and a very low detection limit of 7.4 × 10(-8) mol/L. The prepared sensor also presents a high selectivity for ractopamine under different pH conditions ranged from 2.85 to 7.18. These results reveal that the fabricated RT NPs can be used as efficient electrochemical sensors to determine ractopamine in animal productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xintian Shao
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingli Yue
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Donghui Li
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Krumbholz A, Anielski P, Gfrerer L, Graw M, Geyer H, Schänzer W, Dvorak J, Thieme D. Statistical significance of hair analysis of clenbuterol to discriminate therapeutic use from contamination. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1108-16. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aniko Krumbholz
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry (IDAS) Dresden; Germany
| | - Patricia Anielski
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry (IDAS) Dresden; Germany
| | - Lena Gfrerer
- Institute of Legal Medicine of the University of Munich; Germany
| | - Matthias Graw
- Institute of Legal Medicine of the University of Munich; Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne (DSHS); Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne (DSHS); Germany
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA); Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC) and Schulthess Clinic; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Detlef Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry (IDAS) Dresden; Germany
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11
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Wu K, Guo L, Xu W, Xu H, Aguilar ZP, Xu G, Lai W, Xiong Y, Wan Y. Sulfonated polystyrene magnetic nanobeads coupled with immunochromatographic strip for clenbuterol determination in pork muscle. Talanta 2014; 129:431-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Mi J, Li S, Xu H, Liang W, Sun T. Rapid analysis of three β-agonist residues in food of animal origin by automated on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2431-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiebo Mi
- Tianjin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of the People's Republic of China; Tianjin China
| | - Shujing Li
- Tianjin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of the People's Republic of China; Tianjin China
| | - Hong Xu
- Tianjin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of the People's Republic of China; Tianjin China
| | - Wei Liang
- Esensing Analytical Technology; Beijing China
| | - Tao Sun
- Esensing Analytical Technology; Beijing China
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13
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Li C, Luo W, Xu H, Zhang Q, Xu H, Aguilar ZP, Lai W, Wei H, Xiong Y. Development of an immunochromatographic assay for rapid and quantitative detection of clenbuterol in swine urine. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Thevis M, Geyer L, Geyer H, Guddat S, Dvorak J, Butch A, Sterk SS, Schänzer W. Adverse analytical findings with clenbuterol among U-17 soccer players attributed to food contamination issues. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:372-6. [PMID: 23559541 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The illicit use of growth promoters in animal husbandry has frequently been reported in the past. Among the drugs misused to illegally increase the benefit of stock farming, clenbuterol has held a unique position due to the substance's composition, mechanism of action, metabolism, and disposition. Particularly clenbuterol's disposition in animals' edible tissues destined for food production can cause considerable issues on consumption by elite athletes registered in national and international doping control systems as demonstrated in this case-related study. Triggered by five adverse analytical findings with clenbuterol among the Mexican national soccer team in out-of-competition controls in May 2011, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) initiated an inquest into a potential food contamination (and thus sports drug testing) problem in Mexico, the host country of the FIFA U-17 World Cup 2011. Besides 208 regular doping control samples, which were subjected to highly sensitive mass spectrometric test methods for anabolic agents, 47 meat samples were collected in team hotels during the period of the tournament and forwarded to Institute of Food Safety, RIKILT. In 14 out of 47 meat samples (30%), clenbuterol was detected at concentrations between 0.06 and 11 µg/kg. A total of 109 urine samples out of 208 doping control specimens (52%) yielded clenbuterol findings at concentrations ranging from 1-1556 pg/ml, and only 5 out of 24 teams provided urine samples that did not contain clenbuterol. At least one of these teams was on a strict 'no-meat' diet reportedly due to the known issue of clenbuterol contamination in Mexico. Eventually, owing to the extensive evidence indicating meat contamination as the most plausible reason for the extraordinary high prevalence of clenbuterol findings, none of the soccer players were sanctioned. However, elite athletes have to face severe consequences when testing positive for a prohibited anabolic agent and sufficient supporting information corroborating the scenario of inadvertent ingestion are required to be acquitted from anti-doping rule violations. Hence, governmental contribution is urgently needed to combat the illegal use of clenbuterol in stock breading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
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15
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Li X, Zhou M, Turson M, Lin S, Jiang P, Dong X. Preparation of clenbuterol imprinted monolithic polymer with hydrophilic outer layers by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization and its application in the clenbuterol determination from human serum by on-line solid-phase extraction/HPLC analysis. Analyst 2013; 138:3066-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36801g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Nicoli R, Petrou M, Badoud F, Dvorak J, Saugy M, Baume N. Quantification of clenbuterol at trace level in human urine by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1292:142-50. [PMID: 23294994 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clenbuterol is a β2 agonist agent with anabolic properties given by the increase in the muscular mass in parallel to the decrease of the body fat. For this reason, the use of clenbuterol is forbidden by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in the practice of sport. This compound is of particular interest for anti-doping authorities and WADA-accredited laboratories due to the recent reporting of risk of unintentional doping following the eating of meat contaminated with traces of clenbuterol in some countries. In this work, the development and the validation of an ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the quantification of clenbuterol in human urine is described. The analyte was extracted from urine samples by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) in basic conditions using tert butyl-methyl ether (TBME) and analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS with a linear gradient of acetonitrile in 9min only. The simple and rapid method presented here was validated in compliance with authority guidelines and showed a limit of quantification at 5pg/mL and a linearity range from 5pg/mL to 300pg/mL. Good trueness (85.8-105%), repeatability (5.7-10.6% RSD) and intermediate precision (5.9-14.9% RSD) results were obtained. The method was then applied to real samples from eighteen volunteers collecting urines after single oral doses administration (1, 5 and 10μg) of clenbuterol-enriched yogurts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Nicoli
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, West Switzerland, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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Zhang MX, Li C, Wu YL. Determination of phenylethanolamine A in animal hair, tissues and feeds by reversed phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with QuEChERS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 900:94-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Colorimetric sensing of clenbuterol using gold nanoparticles in the presence of melamine. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 34:112-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Guddat S, Fußhöller G, Geyer H, Thomas A, Braun H, Haenelt N, Schwenke A, Klose C, Thevis M, Schänzer W. Clenbuterol - regional food contamination a possible source for inadvertent doping in sports. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:534-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Guddat
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center of Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - G. Fußhöller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center of Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - H. Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center of Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - A. Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center of Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - H. Braun
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center of Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - N. Haenelt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center of Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - A. Schwenke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center of Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - C. Klose
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center of Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - M. Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center of Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - W. Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center of Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
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González-Antuña A, Rodríguez-González P, Lavandera I, Centineo G, Gotor V, García Alonso JI. Development of a routine method for the simultaneous confirmation and determination of clenbuterol in urine by minimal labeling isotope pattern deconvolution and GC-EI-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:1879-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Geng Y, Zhang M, Yuan W, Xiang B. Modified dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of clenbuterol in swine urine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1006-12. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.576444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Clenbuterol is therapeutically used for the treatment of pulmonary diseases such as bronchial asthma or for tocolytic reasons. In cattle feeding as well as in sports it is illicitly misused due to its anabolic properties to promote muscle growth. Sample preparation procedures and analytical techniques used for the detection of clenbuterol are manifold and vary with the objectives of the investigation. Methods for its detection in biological specimens, drug preparations, the environment, food and feed products are reported. They are mainly based on immunochemical, chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques, or on capillary electrophoresis. Sample preparation primarily includes liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. Depending on the aim of the method clenbuterol can be determined in single- or multi-analyte methods. In biological and environmental samples concentrations are generally low due to the potency of the drug. Thus, highly sensitive procedures are required for expedient analyses.
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Simultaneous determination of clenbuterol, salbutamol and ractopamine in milk by reversed-phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with isotope dilution. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7873-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Wang L, Li YQ, Zhou YK, Yang Y. Determination of Four β2-Agonists in Meat, Liver and Kidney by GC–MS with Dual Internal Standards. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Solid substrate-room temperature phosphorimetry for the determination of residual clenbuterol hydrochloride based on the catalysis of sodium periodate oxidizing eosine Y. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 638:69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2008] [Revised: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Parr MK, Koehler K, Geyer H, Guddat S, Schänzer W. Clenbuterol marketed as dietary supplement. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:298-300. [PMID: 17939172 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In several studies it has been demonstrated that products containing pharmaceutically active ingredients are marketed as dietary supplements. Most of these products contain anabolic steroids. Recently products for weight loss containing active drugs have also appeared on the market. In the present case a healthy male ordered the product 'Anabolic burner' via the Internet. The product was received from a German dispatcher and paid by bank transfer to a German bank account. After ingesting one tablet he reported tremor and delivered a urine sample. This urine was found to contain 2 ng/mL of clenbuterol utilizing LC-MS/MS analysis. Additionally the product itself was analyzed with GC-MS for clenbuterol, yielding a content of about 30 microg per tablet. The beta-2 agonist clenbuterol is only legally available on prescription and is classified as prohibited doping substance in sports. The present case for the first time confirms the presence of clenbuterol in a dietary supplement. It again demonstrates the common problem with products on the supplement market, where non-licensed pharmaceuticals and doping substances are easily available. The ingestion of these products containing additions of therapeutic drugs can lead to side effects and/or interactions with conventional medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Parr
- Centre for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem-Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Thevis M, Schänzer W. Current role of LC–MS(/MS) in doping control. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1351-8. [PMID: 17265083 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has revolutionized the detection assays used in doping control analysis over the last decade. New methods have enabled the determination of drugs that were formerly difficult to detect or undetectable at preceding sample concentrations, and complex and/or time-consuming procedures based on alternative chromatographic-mass spectrometric or immunochemical principles have been replaced by faster, more comprehensive and robust assays. A critical overview of the contributions of LC-MS(/MS) to sports drug testing is provided, including recent developments regarding low and high molecular weight drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem-Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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