Quantification of Clarithromycin in Human Plasma by UPLC-MS-MS

Simultaneous analysis of antibiotics in biological samples by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A rapid and reliable multiclass method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of 21 antibiotics (beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems or quinolones) in urine, serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and bronchial aspirations by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Prior to chromatographic determination, the analytes were extracted from human biological fluids by simple sample treatments, which imply dilution, liquefaction, or protein precipitation. Several chromatographic conditions were optimized in order to obtain a fast separation (<6min for each chromatographic run). MS/MS conditions were evaluated in order to increase selectivity and sensitivity and all compounds were detected in electrospray (ESI) positive ion mode, except clavulanic acid and sulbactam, which were monitored in negative ion mode. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, selectivity, limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs), trueness, repeatability and interday precision. The LOQs ranged from 0.01 to 1.00mg/L for urine, serum and CSF. In case of bronchial aspirations, the LOQs were between 0.02 and 0.67mg/kg. In all matrices the recovery results were in the range 70-120% and interday precision was lower than 25%. Finally, the optimized method was applied to the analysis of biological samples from 10 patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a hospital located in Almeria (Spain). Several antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin, tobramycin, levofloxacin, or linezolid) were found in the studied samples, observing that the highest concentrations were obtained in urine samples.

Human saliva-based quantitative monitoring of clarithromycin by flow injection chemiluminescence analysis: a pharmacokinetic study

Human saliva quantitative monitoring of clarithromycin (CLA) by chemiluminescence (CL) with flow injection analysis was proposed for the first time, which was based on the quenching effect of CLA on luminol-bovine serum albumin (BSA) CL system with a linear range from 7.5 × 10(-4) to 2.0 ng/ml. This proposed approach, offering a maximum sample throughput of 100 h(-1), was successfully applied to the quantitative monitoring of CLA levels in human saliva during 24 h after a single oral dose of 250 mg intake, with recoveries of 95.2 ∼ 109.0% and relative standard deviations lower than 6.5 % (N = 7). Results showed that CLA reached maximum concentration of 2.28 ± 0.02 μg/ml at approximately 3 h, and the total elimination ratio was 99.6 % in 24 h. The pharmacokinetic parameters including absorption rate constant (0.058 ± 0.006 h(-1)), elimination rate constant (0.149 ± 0.009 h(-1)) and elimination half-life time (4.66 ± 0.08 h) were obtained. A comparison of human saliva and urine monitoring was also given. The mechanism study of BSA-CLA interaction revealed the binding of CLA to BSA is an entropy driven and spontaneous process through hydrophobic interaction, with binding constant K BSA-CLA of 4.78 × 10(6) l/mol and the number of binding sites n of 0.82 by flow injection-chemiluminescence model. Molecular docking analysis further showed CLA might be in subdomain IIA of BSA, with K BSA-CLA of 6.82 × 10(5) l/mol and ΔG of -33.28 kJ/mol.

Rapid quantitative analysis of clarithromycin in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS after intravenous injection of the clarithromycin-loaded ultrafine PLGA nanoparticles

Nanoparticles were designed to encapsulate drugs to alter their pharmacological behaviors, therefore, it is very essential to monitor the pharmacokinetic profile of drug encapsulated in nanoparticles in order to clarify and predict their efficacy and side effects. In this paper, we reported a simple, rapid μ-elution 96-well solid phase extraction (μSPE) method combining with ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for determination of nanoformulated drug in rat plasma. This method presented satisfactory results in terms of sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and recovery, for the first time, of quantitatively analyzing clarithromycin (CLA) in rat plasma after intravenous administration CLA-loaded ultrafine PLGA nanoparticles for pharmacokinetic study. This method has been proved to be fast, reliable and reproducible to accurately analyze drug encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles sample for a pharmacokinetic study.