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Yabré M, Ferey L, Somé TI, Mercier O, Gaudin K. Green reversed-phase HPLC development strategy: Application to artesunate and amodiaquine analysis. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:4390-4404. [PMID: 33058440 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A green analytical chemistry strategy is described to develop a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for amodiaquine and artesunate analysis using ethanol-based mobile phases. This method development was particularly challenging due to the basicity of amodiaquine and low UV absorption of artesunate, leading to peak asymmetry and detection issues, respectively. UV detection concern was even more challenging due to the baseline drift observed with ethanol in gradient mode. Several green pH modifiers were selected for their ecofriendly character and their impact on peak shape and detection was investigated. The screening of various stationary phases (19 columns) appeared as a relevant and necessary approach to reach satisfactory peak shape of basic compounds. To support the results of this study, some additional compounds related to artesunate and amodiaquine structures were included. Methods were optimized and validated using total error approach with a mobile phase composed of ethanol and 10 mM formic acid using three different stationary phases from different manufacturers, providing flexibility of the quality control approach. Method greenness was assessed using the National Environmental Methods Index, the Green Analytical Procedure Index, and the Analytical Eco-Scale. Finally, artesunate and amodiaquine were successfully analyzed in fixed dose combination tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Yabré
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, ARNA, UMR 5320, U1212, Bordeaux, F-33000, France.,Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Université Jospeh Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Ludivine Ferey
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, ARNA, UMR 5320, U1212, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Touridomon Issa Somé
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé (LATES), Université Jospeh Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Karen Gaudin
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, ARNA, UMR 5320, U1212, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
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Ch JR, Rao T B, Kumar Goud P S, J S, K R. Development and validation of liquid chromatography method using the principles of QbD for antimalarials used in Artemisinin based combination therapy. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1492936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Raju Ch
- Department of Chemistry, K. L. Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Analytical Research and Development, United States Pharmacopeial Convention-India (P) Ltd., Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bhaskara Rao T
- Department of Chemistry, K. L. Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sanath Kumar Goud P
- Analytical Research and Development, United States Pharmacopeial Convention-India (P) Ltd., Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Satish J
- Analytical Research and Development, United States Pharmacopeial Convention-India (P) Ltd., Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajashekhar K
- Analytical Research and Development, United States Pharmacopeial Convention-India (P) Ltd., Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
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Batson JS, Bempong DK, Lukulay PH, Ranieri N, Satzger RD, Verbois L. Assessment of the effectiveness of the CD3+ tool to detect counterfeit and substandard anti-malarials. Malar J 2016; 15:119. [PMID: 26917250 PMCID: PMC4766612 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The US FDA recently developed CD3+, a counterfeit detection tool that is based on sample illumination at specific wavelengths of light and visual comparison of suspect sample and packaging materials to an authentic sample. To test performance of the CD3+ in field conditions, a study was conducted in Ghana which compared the CD3+ side-by-side with two existing medicine quality screening technologies—TruScan™ Portable Raman spectrometer and GPHF Minilab®. Methods A total of 84 anti-malarial test samples comprising artemether–lumefantrine tablets and artesunate–amodiaquine tablets were used. The technologies were evaluated for sensitivity in determining counterfeit/substandard (The term counterfeit or falsified is used in this article to refer to medicines that carry a false representation of identity or source or both. The term substandard is used to refer to medicines that do not meet the quality specifications given in the accepted pharmacopeia.) medicines, specificity in determining authentic products, and reliability of the results. Authentic samples obtained from manufacturers were used as reference standards. HPLC analysis data was used as the “gold standard” for decisions regarding a sample being authentic or substandard/counterfeit. Results CD3+ had a sensitivity of 1.00 in detecting counterfeit/substandard products compared to Minilab (0.79) and TruScan (0.79). CD3+ had a lower specificity (0.53) in determining authentic products compared to the specificities reached by Minilab (0.99) and TruScan (1.00). High sensitivity in this context means that the technology is effective in identifying substandard/counterfeit products whereas the low specificity means that the technique can sometimes mischaracterize good products as substandard/counterfeit. Examination of dosage units only (and not packaging) using CD3+ yielded improved specificity 0.64. When only assessment of sample identification was done, the TruScan provided sensitivity (1.00) and specificity (0.99); and the Minilab provided sensitivity (1.00) and specificity (1.00). All three technologies demonstrated 100 % reliability when used to analyse the same set of samples over 3 days by a single analyst and also when used to determine the same set of samples by three different analysts. Eight of the field samples were confirmed to be counterfeits with no active pharmaceutical ingredient content. All three technologies identified these samples as counterfeits. Conclusions The study revealed the relative effectiveness of the technologies as quality control tools. Using a combination of CD3+, with either the Minilab or TruScan, to screen for medicine quality will allow for complete examination of both the dosage units and the packaging to decide whether it is authentic or counterfeit.
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Affiliation(s)
- JaCinta S Batson
- Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, 6751 Steger Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA.
| | - Daniel K Bempong
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Patrick H Lukulay
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Nicola Ranieri
- Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, 6751 Steger Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA.
| | - R Duane Satzger
- Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, 6751 Steger Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA.
| | - Leigh Verbois
- Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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Raut PP, Sharma A, Agarwal G, Charde SY. QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF ARTESUNATE AND AMODIQUINE HCL BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.803201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant P. Raut
- a Formulation Development and Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty Division-III , Birla Institute of Technology and Science , Pilani , Rajasthan , India
| | - Arpit Sharma
- a Formulation Development and Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty Division-III , Birla Institute of Technology and Science , Pilani , Rajasthan , India
| | - Govind Agarwal
- a Formulation Development and Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty Division-III , Birla Institute of Technology and Science , Pilani , Rajasthan , India
| | - Shrikant Y. Charde
- a Formulation Development and Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty Division-III , Birla Institute of Technology and Science , Pilani , Rajasthan , India
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Radhapyari K, Kotoky P, Das MR, Khan R. Graphene–polyaniline nanocomposite based biosensor for detection of antimalarial drug artesunate in pharmaceutical formulation and biological fluids. Talanta 2013; 111:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affum AO, Lowor S, Osae SD, Dickson A, Gyan BA, Tulasi D. A pilot study on quality of artesunate and amodiaquine tablets used in the fishing community of Tema, Ghana. Malar J 2013; 12:220. [PMID: 23809666 PMCID: PMC3722045 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ineffectiveness of artesunate and amodiaquine tablets in malaria treatment remains a health burden to WHO and governments of malaria-endemic countries, including Ghana. The proliferation of illegitimate anti-malarial drugs and its use by patients is of primary concern to international and local drug regulatory agencies because such drugs are known to contribute to the development of the malaria-resistant parasites in humans. No data exist on quality of these drugs in the fishing village communities in Ghana although the villagers are likely users of such drugs. A pilot study on the quality of anti-malarial tablets in circulation during the major fishing season at a malarious fishing village located along the coast of Tema in southern Ghana was determined. METHODS Blisterpacks of anti-malarial tablets were randomly sampled. The International Pharmacopoeia and Global Pharma Health Fund Minilab protocols were used to assess the quality of anti-malarial tablets per blisterpacks allegedly manufactured by Guilin Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, China (GPCL) and Letap Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ghana (LPL) and sold in chemical sales outlets at Kpone-on-Sea. Ferric chloride and cobaltous thiocyanate tests confirmed the presence of active ingredients in the tablets. A confirmatory test for the active ingredient was achieved with artesunate (ICRS1409) and amodiaquine (ICRS0209) reference standards. A high performance liquid chromatography analysis confirmed the amount of artesunate found in tablets. RESULTS Based on the International Pharmacopoeia acceptable range of 96/98 to 102% for genuine artesunate per tablet, 10% [relative standard deviation (RSD): 3.2%] of field-selected artesunate blisterpack per tablets manufactured by GPCL, and 50% (RSD: 5.1%) of a similar package per tablet by LPL, passed the titrimetric test. However, 100% (RSD: 2.2%) of amodiaquine blisterpack per tablet by GPCL were found to be within the International Pharmacopeia acceptable range of 90 to 110% for genuine amodiaquine in tablet, whilst 17% of a similar package per tablet by LPL failed spectrophotometric testing. CONCLUSION Inadequate amounts of artesunate and amodiaquine detected in the tablets suggest that both pharmaceutical companies may not be following recommended drug formulation procedures, or the active pharmaceutical ingredients might have been degraded by improper storage conditions. Thus, drugs being sold at Kpone-on-Sea, Ghana may likely be classified as substandard drugs and not suitable for malaria treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrews O Affum
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Lowor
- Cocoa Research Institute of Ghsana, P.O. Box 8, New Tafo-Akim, Ghana
| | - Shiloh D Osae
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adomako Dickson
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Benjamin A Gyan
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Delali Tulasi
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Amin NC, Blanchin MD, Aké M, Montels J, Fabre H. Capillary electrophoresis for the assay of fixed-dose combination tablets of artesunate and amodiaquine. Malar J 2012; 11:149. [PMID: 22554086 PMCID: PMC3459704 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quality control of drugs in formulations is still a major challenge in developing countries. For the quality control of artesunate and amodiaquine tablets in fixed-dose combination, only liquid chromatographic methods have been proposed in the literature. There are no capillary electrophoretic methods reported for the determination of these active substances, although this technique presents several advantages over liquid chromatography (long lifetime, low price of the capillary, low volumes of electrolyte consumption) in addition to simplicity. In this paper, a reliable capillary electrophoresis method has been developed and validated for the quality control of these drugs in commercial fixed-dose combination tablets. Methods Artesunate and amodiaquine hydrochloride in bilayer tablets were determined by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC). Analytes were extracted from tablets by sonication with a solvent mixture phosphate buffer pH 7.0-acetonitrile containing benzoic acid as internal standard. Separation was carried out on Beckman capillary electrophoresis system equipped with fused silica capillary, 30 cm long (20 cm to detector) × 50 μm internal diameter, using a 25 mM borate buffer pH 9.2 containing 30 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate as background electrolyte, a 500 V cm−1 electric field and a detection wavelength of 214 nm. Results Artesunate, amodiaquine and benzoic acid were separated in 6 min. The method was found to be reliable with respect to specificity,linearity of the calibration line (r2 > 0.995), recovery from synthetic tablets (in the range 98–102%), repeatability (RSD 2–3%, n = 7 analytical procedures). Application to four batches of commercial formulations with different dosages gave content in good agreement with the declared content. Conclusion The MEKC method proposed is reliable for the determination of artesunate and amodiaquine hydrochloride in fixed-dose combination tablets. The method is well-suited for drug quality control and detection of counterfeit or substandard medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- N'Cho Christophe Amin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Contrôle Physico-Chimique des Médicaments, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, BP 14491-34093, France
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Le Vaillant Y, Brenier C, Grange Y, Nicolas A, Bonnet PA, Massing-Bias LR, Rakotomanga P, Koumaré B, Mahly A, Absi M, Ciss M, Loueslati MH, Chauvey D. Simultaneous Determination of Artesunate and Amodiaquine in Fixed-Dose Combination by a RP-HPLC Method with Double UV Detection: Implementation in Interlaboratory Study Involving Seven African National Quality Control Laboratories. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gilpin
- Brehm Research Laboratory University Park, Wright State University, Fairborn, Ohio 45324-2031, USA
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