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Petrarca MH, Cunha SC, Fernandes JO. Determination of pesticide residues in soybeans using QuEChERS followed by deep eutectic solvent-based DLLME preconcentration prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1727:464999. [PMID: 38788403 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
A reliable and greener alternative to the usual extraction methods is reported for the determination of pesticide residues in soybeans. This novel approach combines the classical QuEChERS extraction method with a DLLME (dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction) step, utilizing a deep eutectic solvent (DES) - camphor: hexanoic acid (1:1 molar ratio) - as the microextraction solvent. This DES has never been employed in pesticide analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of complex matrices like soybeans. A Plackett-Burman screening design was employed to optimize sample preparation variables of QuEChERS (amount of sodium chloride and magnesium sulfate, and amount of PSA and C18 sorbents) and DLLME (pH of medium, amount of sodium chloride, and volume of microextraction solvent). This design allowed for a systematic evaluation of the impact of each parameter on the method's performance. The optimized method was evaluated using a certified reference material and commercial samples of soybeans. The method exhibited high accuracy and precision for most of the analytes under study, demonstrating its applicability for pesticide residue analysis in soybeans. To assess the greenness and practicality of the developed method, the Analytical Greenness (AGREE) and Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) metric systems were employed, respectively. Overall, the proposed QuEChERS-DLLME method using a DES solvent is a reliable and greener alternative to conventional extraction methods for the determination of pesticide residues in soybeans. Its high performance, coupled with its environmental friendliness, makes it a promising tool for food safety analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Henrique Petrarca
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Sara Cristina Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - José Oliveira Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
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Mandal S, Poi R, Hazra DK, Ansary I, Bhattacharyya S, Karmakar R. Review of extraction and detection techniques for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits to evaluate food safety and make legislative decisions: Challenges and anticipations. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1215:123587. [PMID: 36628882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fruits are vital parts of the human diet because they include necessary nutrients that the body needs. Pesticide use has increased dramatically in recent years to combat fruit pests across the world. Pesticide usage during production, on the other hand, frequently results in undesirable residues in fruits after harvest. Consumers are concerned about pesticide residues since most of the fruits are directly consumed and even recommended for the patients as dietary supplements. As a result of this worry, pesticide residues in fruits are being randomly monitored to re-assess the food safety situation and make informed legislative decisions. To assess the degree of pesticide residues in fruits, a simple and quick analytical procedure is usually required. As a result, pesticide residue detection (using various analytical techniques: GC, LC and Biosensors) becomes critical, and regulatory directives are formed to regulate their amounts via the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL). Over the previous two decades, a variety of extraction techniques and analytical methodologies for xenobiotic's efficient extraction, identification, confirmation and quantification have been developed, ranging from traditional to advanced. The goal of this review is to give readers an overview of the evolution of numerous extraction and detection methods for pesticide residue analysis in fruits. The objective is to assist analysts in better understanding how the ever-changing regulatory landscape might drive the need for new analytical methodologies to be developed in order to comply with current standards and safeguard consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Mandal
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India; Department of Chemistry, Burdwan University, Burdwan, West Bengal 713104, India
| | - Rajlakshmi Poi
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Hazra
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Inul Ansary
- Department of Chemistry, Burdwan University, Burdwan, West Bengal 713104, India
| | - Sudip Bhattacharyya
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajib Karmakar
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India.
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Huertas-Pérez JF, Sejerøe-Olsen B, Gokcen T, Sandor F, Schimmel H, Dabrio M. Gas chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry method validation for target pesticides in soybeans. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:96-108. [PMID: 30543487 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1538571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The production of certified reference materials requires the application of highly accurate methods for characterisation. A gas chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry method, setting ambitious performance criteria, was developed for eight selected pesticides in soybeans. Pressurised liquid extraction was followed by automated gel-permeation chromatography and solid-phase extraction clean-up. Pesticides identification respected a Commission Decision and guidelines of the Directorate General for Health and Food Safety (DG SANTE). Reliable quantification involved stable isotopically labelled analogues as internal standards. Validation, according to ISO/IEC 17,025 and DG SANTE guidelines, assessed linearity, LOD/LOQ, trueness, selectivity, precision, stability and robustness. Mean recoveries ranges (83-109%, relative standard deviations < 3%), repeatability (2.2-4.8%), day-to-day variation (0.6-4.2%) and combined uncertainty (1.2-4.2%) were fit for purpose. The method is highly accurate and suitable for certification of the selected pesticides in soybean matrix reference material. Chemical compounds studied in this article: Diazinon (PubChem CID: 3017); malathion (PubChem CID: 4004); chlorpyrifos (PubChem CID: 2730); captan (PubChem CID: 8606); endosulfan (PubChem CID: 3224); tebuconazole (PubChem CID: 86,102); iprodione (PubChem CID: 37,517); cypermethrin (PubChem CID: 2912).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B Sejerøe-Olsen
- a Joint Research Centre , European Commission , Geel , Belgium
| | - T Gokcen
- a Joint Research Centre , European Commission , Geel , Belgium
| | - F Sandor
- a Joint Research Centre , European Commission , Geel , Belgium
| | - H Schimmel
- a Joint Research Centre , European Commission , Geel , Belgium
| | - M Dabrio
- a Joint Research Centre , European Commission , Geel , Belgium
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Lu Y, Zhang D, Liao Y, Diao J, Chen X. Stereoselective Behavior of the Chiral Herbicides Diclofop-Methyl and Diclofop During the Soy Sauce Brewing Process. Chirality 2015; 28:78-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuele Lu
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou China
| | - Yahui Liao
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou China
| | - Jinling Diao
- Department of Applied Chemistry; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Institute of Fermentation Engineering, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou China
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Lozano A, Rajski Ł, Uclés S, Belmonte-Valles N, Mezcua M, Fernández-Alba AR. Evaluation of zirconium dioxide-based sorbents to decrease the matrix effect in avocado and almond multiresidue pesticide analysis followed by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2014; 118:68-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Musharraf S, Shoaib M, Kumar D, Najam-ul-Haq M. Effective separation and simultaneous quantification of permethrin isomers in household products by validated TLC-densitometric method. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2013. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.26.2013.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Walorczyk S, Drożdżyński D. Improvement and extension to new analytes of a multi-residue method for the determination of pesticides in cereals and dry animal feed using gas chromatography–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry revisited. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1251:219-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Development of an Analytical Method Based on Accelerated Solvent Extraction, Solid-Phase Extraction Clean-Up, then GC–ECD for Analysis of Fourteen Organochlorine Pesticides in Cereal Crops. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-010-1885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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