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Tsuji T, Ono T, Taguchi H, Leong KH, Hayashi Y, Kumada S, Okada K, Onuki Y. Continuous Monitoring of the Hydration Behavior of Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Using Time-Domain NMR. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2023; 71:576-583. [PMID: 37394606 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c23-00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) was used for continuous monitoring of the hydration behavior of hydrophilic matrix tablets. The model matrix tablets comprised high molecular weight polyethylene oxide (PEO), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The model tablets were immersed in water. Their T2 relaxation curves were acquired by TD-NMR with solid-echo sequence. A curve-fitting analysis was conducted on the acquired T2 relaxation curves to identify the NMR signals corresponding to the nongelated core remaining in the samples. The amount of nongelated core was estimated from the NMR signal intensity. The estimated values were consistent with the experiment measurement values. Next, the model tablets immersed in water were monitored continuously using TD-NMR. The difference in hydration behaviors of the HPMC and PEO matrix tablets was then characterized fully. The nongelated core of the HPMC matrix tablets disappeared more slowly than that of the PEO matrix tablets. The behavior of HPMC was significantly affected by the PEG content in the tablets. It is suggested that the TD-NMR method has potential to be utilized to evaluate the gel layer properties, upon replacement of the immersion medium: purified (nondeuterated) water is replaced with heavy (deuterated) water. Finally, drug-containing matrix tablets were tested. Diltiazem hydrochloride (a highly water-soluble drug) was employed for this experiment. Reasonable in vitro drug dissolution profiles, which were in accordance with the results from TD-NMR experiments, were observed. We concluded that TD-NMR is a powerful tool to evaluate the hydration properties of hydrophilic matrix tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tsuji
- Formulation Development Department, Development & Planning Division, Nichi-Iko Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Takashi Ono
- Formulation Development Department, Development & Planning Division, Nichi-Iko Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Hiromu Taguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Kok Hoong Leong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya
| | - Yoshihiro Hayashi
- Formulation Development Department, Development & Planning Division, Nichi-Iko Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Shungo Kumada
- Formulation Development Department, Development & Planning Division, Nichi-Iko Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Kotaro Okada
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Yoshinori Onuki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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Song Y, Cong Y, Wang B, Zhang N. Applications of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to pharmaceutical preparations. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:551-571. [PMID: 32116058 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1737671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Various pharmaceutical preparations are widely used for clinical treatment. Elucidation of the mechanisms of drug release and evaluation of drug efficacy in biological samples are important in drug design and drug quality control.Areas covered: This review classifies recent applications of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the field of medicine to comprehend drug release and diffusion. Drug release is affected by many factors of preparations, such as drug delivery system and microstructure polymorphism. The applications of FTIR imaging and nano-FTIR technique in biological samples lay a foundation for studying drug mechanism in vivo.Expert opinion: FTIR spectroscopy meets the research needs on preparations to understand the processes and mechanisms underlying drug release. The combination of attenuated total reflectance-FTIR imaging and nano-FTIR accompanied by chemometrics is a potent tool to overcome the deficiency of conventional infrared detection. FTIR shows an enormous potential in drug characterization, drug quality control, and bio-sample detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Song
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanhua Cong
- Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Lizoňová D, Mužík J, Šoltys M, Beránek J, Kazarian S, Štěpánek F. Molecular-level insight into hot-melt loading and drug release from mesoporous silica carriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 130:327-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sun Y, Østergaard J. Application of UV Imaging in Formulation Development. Pharm Res 2016; 34:929-940. [PMID: 27766463 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficient drug delivery is dependent on the drug substance dissolving in the body fluids, being released from dosage forms and transported to the site of action. A fundamental understanding of the interplay between the physicochemical properties of the active compound and pharmaceutical excipients defining formulation behavior after exposure to the aqueous environments and pharmaceutical performance is critical in pharmaceutical development, manufacturing and quality control of drugs. UV imaging has been explored as a tool for qualitative and quantitative characterization of drug dissolution and release with the characteristic feature of providing real-time visualization of the solution phase drug transport in the vicinity of the formulation. Events occurring during drug dissolution and release, such as polymer swelling, drug precipitation/recrystallization, or solvent-mediated phase transitions related to the structural properties of the drug substance or formulation can be monitored. UV imaging is a non-intrusive and simple-to-operate analytical technique which holds potential for providing a mechanistic foundation for formulation development. This review aims to cover applications of UV imaging in the early and late phase pharmaceutical development with a special focus on the relation between structural properties and performance. Potential areas of future advancement and application are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jesper Østergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Advances in mechanistic understanding of release rate control mechanisms of extended-release hydrophilic matrix tablets. Ther Deliv 2016; 7:553-72. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2016-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Approaches to characterizing and developing understanding around the mechanisms that control the release of drugs from hydrophilic matrix tablets are reviewed. While historical context is provided and direct physical characterization methods are described, recent advances including the role of percolation thresholds, the application on magnetic resonance and other spectroscopic imaging techniques are considered. The influence of polymer and dosage form characteristics are reviewed. The utility of mathematical modeling is described. Finally, how all the information derived from applying the developed mechanistic understanding from all of these tools can be brought together to develop a robust and reliable hydrophilic matrix extended-release tablet formulation is proposed.
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Wray PS, Sinclair WE, Jones JW, Clarke GS, Both D. The use of in situ near infrared imaging and Raman mapping to study the disproportionation of a drug HCl salt during dissolution. Int J Pharm 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ewing AV, Clarke GS, Kazarian SG. Stability of indomethacin with relevance to the release from amorphous solid dispersions studied with ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 60:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wray P, Li J, Li LQ, Kazarian SG. Combined Study of Biphasic and Zero-Order Release Formulations with Dissolution Tests and ATR–FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1995-2004. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kimber JA, Kazarian SG, Štěpánek F. DEM simulation of drug release from structurally heterogeneous swelling tablets. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kazarian SG, Ewing AV. Applications of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging to tablet dissolution and drug release. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:1207-21. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.801452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Dissolution of tablet-in-tablet formulations studied with ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 48:748-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Magnetic resonance microscopy for assessment of morphological changes in hydrating hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose matrix tablets in situ. Pharm Res 2012; 29:3420-33. [PMID: 22923349 PMCID: PMC3497937 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To resolve contradictions found in morphology of hydrating hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) matrix as studied using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques. Until now, two approaches were used in the literature: either two or three regions that differ in physicochemical properties were identified. Methods Multiparametric, spatially and temporally resolved T2 MR relaxometry in situ was applied to study the hydration progress in HPMC matrix tablets using a 11.7 T MRI system. Two spin-echo based pulse sequences—one of them designed to specifically study short T2 signals—were used. Results Two components in the T2 decay envelope were estimated and spatial distributions of their parameters, i.e. amplitudes and T2 values, were obtained. Based on the data, five different regions and their temporal evolution were identified: dry glassy, hydrated solid like, two interface layers and gel layer. The regions were found to be separated by four evolving fronts identified as penetration, full hydration, total gelification and apparent erosion. Conclusions The MRI results showed morphological details of the hydrating HPMC matrices matching compound theoretical models. The proposed method will allow for adequate evaluation of controlled release polymeric matrix systems loaded with drug substances of different solubility.
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Kimber JA, Kazarian SG, Štěpánek F. Modelling of pharmaceutical tablet swelling and dissolution using discrete element method. Chem Eng Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2011.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Wray PS, Clarke GS, Kazarian SG. Application of FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging to Study the Effects of Modifying the pH Microenvironment on the Dissolution of Ibuprofen from HPMC Matrices. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:4745-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Van Eerdenbrugh B, Taylor LS. Application of mid-IR spectroscopy for the characterization of pharmaceutical systems. Int J Pharm 2011; 417:3-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Lanzarotta A, Lakes K, Marcott CA, Witkowski MR, Sommer AJ. Analysis of Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Tablet Cores Utilizing Macroscopic Infrared Spectroscopy and Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5972-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200957d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lanzarotta
- Trace Examination Section, FDA Forensic Chemistry Center, 6751 Steger Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, United States
| | - Kendra Lakes
- Molecular Microspectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | | | - Mark R. Witkowski
- Trace Examination Section, FDA Forensic Chemistry Center, 6751 Steger Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, United States
| | - Andre J. Sommer
- Molecular Microspectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
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Amigo JM. Practical issues of hyperspectral imaging analysis of solid dosage forms. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:93-109. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kazarian SG, Chan KLA. Micro- and macro-attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging. Plenary Lecture at the 5th International Conference on Advanced Vibrational Spectroscopy, 2009, Melbourne, Australia. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 64:135A-152A. [PMID: 20482963 DOI: 10.1366/000370210791211673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging has become a very powerful method in chemical analysis. In this review paper we describe a variety of opportunities for obtaining FT-IR images using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) approach and provide an overview of fundamental aspects, accessories, and applications in both micro- and macro-ATR imaging modes. The advantages and versatility of both ATR imaging modes are discussed and the spatial resolution of micro-ATR imaging is demonstrated. Micro-ATR imaging has opened up many new areas of study that were previously precluded by inadequate spatial resolution (polymer blends, pharmaceutical tablets, cross-sections of blood vessels or hair, surface of skin, single live cells, cancerous tissues). Recent applications of ATR imaging in polymer research, biomedical and forensic sciences, objects of cultural heritage, and other complex materials are outlined. The latest advances include obtaining spatially resolved chemical images from different depths within a sample, and surface-enhanced images for macro-ATR imaging have also been presented. Macro-ATR imaging is a valuable approach for high-throughput analysis of materials under controlled environments. Opportunities exist for chemical imaging of dynamic aqueous systems, such as dissolution, diffusion, microfluidics, or imaging of dynamic processes in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, England
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19
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Lanzarotta A, Baumann L, Story GM, Witkowski MR, Khan F, Sommers A, Sommer AJ. Rapid molecular imaging using attenuated total internal reflection planar array infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of counterfeit pharmaceutical tablets. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 63:979-991. [PMID: 19796479 DOI: 10.1366/000370209789379321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A planar array infrared (PA-IR) spectrograph containing an attenuated total internal reflection (ATR) accessory has been constructed in order to permit rapid analysis of poorly transmitting materials. The technique has been optimized to allow molecular spectroscopic information to be collected in roughly 2 seconds with a corresponding peak-to-peak noise value as low as 2.14 x 10(-4) absorbance units. Additionally, up to 150 spectra could be extracted from sample sizes as large as 6 mm where each spatial element measured 40 x 200 microm at the sample position. An application study for this technique entailed developing an embedding method that allows cross-sectioned pharmaceutical tablets to be brought into intimate contact with the internal reflection element (IRE) of the accessory. A supplemental investigation involved calculating the yield strength of multiple IRE materials in order to determine the maximum amount of pressure that can be applied to a sample without damaging the IRE. Finally, feasibility was demonstrated for using the instrument/accessory as a means to rapidly authenticate suspected counterfeit pharmaceutical tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lanzarotta
- Molecular Microspectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA.
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20
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Trends in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:671-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2737-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Everall NJ, Priestnall IM, Clarke F, Jayes L, Poulter G, Coombs D, George MW. Preliminary investigations into macroscopic attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared imaging of intact spherical domains: spatial resolution and image distortion. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 63:313-320. [PMID: 19281647 DOI: 10.1366/000370209787598951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes preliminary investigations into the spatial resolution of macro attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging and the distortions that arise when imaging intact, convex domains, using spheres as an extreme example. The competing effects of shallow evanescent wave penetration and blurring due to finite spatial resolution meant that spheres within the range 20-140 microm all appeared to be approximately the same size ( approximately 30-35 microm) when imaged with a numerical aperture (NA) of approximately 0.2. A very simple model was developed that predicted this extreme insensitivity to particle size. On the basis of these studies, it is anticipated that ATR imaging at this NA will be insensitive to the size of intact highly convex objects. A higher numerical aperture device should give a better estimate of the size of small spheres, owing to superior spatial resolution, but large spheres should still appear undersized due to the shallow sampling depth. An estimate of the point spread function (PSF) was required in order to develop and apply the model. The PSF was measured by imaging a sharp interface; assuming an Airy profile, the PSF width (distance from central maximum to first minimum) was estimated to be approximately 20 and 30 microm for IR bands at 1600 and 1000 cm(-1), respectively. This work has two significant limitations. First, underestimation of domain size only arises when imaging intact convex objects; if surfaces are prepared that randomly and representatively section through domains, the images can be analyzed to calculate parameters such as domain size, area, and volume. Second, the model ignores reflection and refraction and assumes weak absorption; hence, the predicted intensity profiles are not expected to be accurate; they merely give a rough estimate of the apparent sphere size. Much further work is required to place the field of quantitative ATR-FT-IR imaging on a sound basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Everall
- Intertek-MSG, The Wilton Centre, Wilton, Redcar, TS104RF, United Kingdom.
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Pharmaceutical applications of vibrational chemical imaging and chemometrics: a review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:533-53. [PMID: 18819769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of chemical imaging (CI) has gifted spectroscopy an additional dimension. Chemical imaging systems complement chemical identification by acquiring spatially located spectra that enable visualization of chemical compound distributions. Such techniques are highly relevant to pharmaceutics in that the distribution of excipients and active pharmaceutical ingredient informs not only a product's behavior during manufacture but also its physical attributes (dissolution properties, stability, etc.). The rapid image acquisition made possible by the emergence of focal plane array detectors, combined with publication of the Food and Drug Administration guidelines for process analytical technology in 2001, has heightened interest in the pharmaceutical applications of CI, notably as a tool for enhancing drug quality and understanding process. Papers on the pharmaceutical applications of CI have been appearing in steadily increasing numbers since 2000. The aim of the present paper is to give an overview of infrared, near-infrared and Raman imaging in pharmaceutics. Sections 2 and 3 deal with the theory, device set-ups, mode of acquisition and processing techniques used to extract information of interest. Section 4 addresses the pharmaceutical applications.
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Kazarian SG, van der Weerd J. Simultaneous FTIR spectroscopic imaging and visible photography to monitor tablet dissolution and drug release. Pharm Res 2007; 25:853-60. [PMID: 17612794 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)-based tablet during exposure to water showed a number of 'fronts' moving into the tablet but led to contradictory interpretations. These fronts are related to water penetration into and dissolution of the tablet, but the exact nature can not be derived from visible photographic evidence. A method to study tablet dissolution simultaneously by Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) imaging and macro-photography can assist in providing correct interpretation of the observed fronts. METHODS Therefore, the combination of macro-photography and FTIR-ATR spectroscopic imaging was developed and used to interpret the physical changes leading to the observed fronts. Buflomedyl pyridoxal phosphate (BPP), a coloured drug, was used as a model drug. RESULTS The quantitative results obtained by FTIR-ATR imaging enabled the attribution of the three observed fronts (inside to outside) to: (1) true water penetration, possibly combined with (partial) dissolution of buflomedyl pyridoxal phosphate (BPP); (2) total gellification of HPMC; (3) erosion front. CONCLUSIONS The method to study dissolution of a tablet simultaneously by FTIR-ATR imaging and macro-photography has been developed and used to obtain reliable interpretation of the fronts observed during tablet dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Elkhider N, Chan KLA, Kazarian SG. Effect of Moisture and Pressure on Tablet Compaction Studied With FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:351-60. [PMID: 17080419 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
FTIR spectroscopic imaging using a diamond ATR accessory has been applied to examine the influence of moisture and compression pressure on the density and components distribution of compacted pharmaceutical tablets. The model drug and excipient used within this study are ibuprofen and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). Chemical images of these compacted tablets were captured in situ without removing the tablet between measurements. A powder mixture of both, drug and excipient, prior to compaction, were subjected to a controlled environment, using a controlled humidity cell. Histograms were plotted to assess the density distribution quantitatively. This FTIR spectroscopic imaging approach enabled both measurement of water sorption and enhanced visualization of the density distribution of the compacted tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Elkhider
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Wessel E, Heinsohn G, Schmidt-Lewerkuehne H, Wittern KP, Rapp C, Siesler HW. Observation of a penetration depth gradient in attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging applications. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 60:1488-92. [PMID: 17217601 DOI: 10.1366/000370206779321391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Wessel
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Unnastrasse 48, D-20253 Hamburg, Germany.
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Kazarian SG, Chan KLA. Applications of ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging to biomedical samples. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:858-67. [PMID: 16566893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 02/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
FTIR spectroscopic imaging in ATR (Attenuated Total Reflection) mode is a powerful tool for studying biomedical samples. This paper summarises recent advances in the applications of ATR-FTIR imaging to dissolution of pharmaceutical formulations and drug release. The use of two different ATR accessories to obtain chemical images of formulations in contact with water as a function of time is demonstrated. The innovative use of the diamond ATR accessory allowed in situ imaging of tablet compaction and dissolution. ATR-FTIR imaging was also applied to obtain images of the surface of skin and the spatial distribution of protein and lipid rich domains was obtained. Chemical images of cross-section of rabbit aorta were obtained using a diamond ATR accessory and the possibility of in situ imaging of arterial samples in contact with aqueous solution was demonstrated for the first time. This experiment opens an opportunity to image arterial samples in contact with solutions containing drug molecules. This approach may help in understanding the mechanisms of treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Chan KLA, Kazarian SG. ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging with expanded field of view to study formulations and dissolution. LAB ON A CHIP 2006; 6:864-70. [PMID: 16804590 DOI: 10.1039/b516271h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging in combination with a novel attenuated total reflection (ATR) accessory with an expanded field of view has been applied to simultaneously obtain infrared spectra of more than 150 miniature samples, and to study the dissolution process of several different formulations in separate mini-channels simultaneously. This is the first time FTIR spectroscopic imaging using such an ATR accessory with an expanded field of view has been reported. The resultant imaging area with this approach was found to be ca. 15.4 x 21.4 mm(2) (6 x expansion). The potential of this approach includes imaging up to 440 samples simultaneously. The same accessory was used to prepare mini-channels (4 mm wide, 15 mm long and 0.5 mm deep) which were made of a PDMS grid that was self-adhered to the surface of the ATR crystal. Different molecular weights of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), with or without the addition of ibuprofen, have been used as model pharmaceutical formulations and chemical imaging of the simultaneous dissolution of five different formulations of PEG/ibuprofen has been demonstrated. Direct comparison between these different formulations under identical conditions was possible due to this imaging approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Andrew Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, United Kingdom SW7 2AZ
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van der Weerd J, Kazarian SG. Release of Poorly Soluble Drugs from HPMC Tablets Studied by FTIR Imaging and Flow-Through Dissolution Tests. J Pharm Sci 2005; 94:2096-109. [PMID: 16052556 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopic imaging and a flow-through dissolution test have been combined to improve the possibilities of investigating the release of a poorly soluble drug (diclofenac) from pharmaceutical tablets. The presented methods aim to overcome the limitations that impede the conventional dissolution test because of its inability to observe precipitates of poorly soluble drug during tablet dissolution. The proposed flow-through set-up allows small drug particles that are being carried along in the water-flow to be analyzed, by adding a dissolution agent to the medium after it left the tablet cell. Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopic imaging provides an insight into the processes inside the tablet and is not hindered by insoluble or recrystallising drug. The techniques have been hyphenated and used to study tablets containing diclofenac sodium and HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) in different dissolution media that influence the solubility of the drug. The release profiles obtained by flow-through dissolution test suggest the presence of particles (or precipitates) in the dissolution medium. This is consistent with the results obtained by FTIR imaging, which confirms that both proposed techniques are superior to the ordinary dissolution test when applied to poorly soluble drugs. FTIR imaging data have been analyzed by a classical least squares analysis, corrected for the parts of the tablet outside the field of view, and used to calculate the release profile. The infrared spectra of diclofenac at varying relative humidity were acquired to study the interactions of diclofenac and water, including identification of dissociated diclofenac, thus the chemical specificity of FTIR imaging was fully utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap van der Weerd
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Kazarian S, Kong K, Bajomo M, Van Der Weerd J, Chan K. Spectroscopic Imaging Applied to Drug Release. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2005. [DOI: 10.1205/fbp.04399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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