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Geminiani L, Paolo Campione F, Corti C, Giussani B, Gorla G, Luraschi M, Recchia S, Rampazzi L. Non-invasive identification of historical textiles and leather by means of external reflection FTIR spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 326:125184. [PMID: 39332177 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.125184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Identifying the fibres in historical textiles presents a complex challenge due to the wide variety of plant, animal and early synthetic materials that have been used. Traditionally, this identification process involves sampling followed by either microscopic examination or ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. However, there are instances when sampling is restricted due to the good condition or significant value of the object under analysis. Additionally, the presence of leather components alongside textiles can further complicate the identification. This paper proposes a novel non-invasive method for fibre identification based on External Reflection (ER) FTIR spectroscopy, which has been rarely applied to textiles or leather. The current research demonstrates that ER-FTIR spectrum is a viable tool for fibre identification on both recent and historical textiles. The non-invasiveness of the analytical approach enables a comprehensive investigation without compromising the number or position of samples. Respect to ATR-FTIR spectra, the ER-FTIR spectra frequently exhibit an amplification of certain diagnostic bands, facilitating the identification of the various fibres examined in this study (cotton, hemp, viscose, silk, wool, leather, polyamide, acrylic, polyester). The extended spectral range (7500-375 cm-1) which is provided by ER-FTIR spectrometry also contains extra bands in the near infrared region, which can provide key information for the discrimination due to the lack of distortion phenomena. The technique was applied to the characterisation of textile materials coming from a collection of 10 traditional Japanese samurai armours spanning from the 16th to the 20th century (Museo delle Culture, Lugano, Switzerland). For the first time, the results provided a comprehensive overview of the textiles utilized in Japanese armours across various historical periods. Overall, the appearance of materials in samurai armours reflects the evolution of armour-making techniques and the influence of socio-cultural factors throughout Japanese history. Synthetic and semi-synthetic materials were easily detected, revealing the occurrence of a past conservation treatment or the early adoption of modern man-made materials in the manufacturing of traditional armours. The approach outlined in this case study can be applied to textile collections of various kinds, offering a reliable mean to discern the yarn composition and detect non-original components. The method also appears as a valuable prescreening tool for designing a less intrusive yet more informative sampling strategy, should additional details about fibre type and dyeing be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Geminiani
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy; Centro Speciale di Scienze e Simbolica dei Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Sant'Abbondio 12, 22100 Como, Italy.
| | - Francesco Paolo Campione
- Museo delle Culture, Villa Malpensata, Riva Antonio Caccia 5, Lugano, Switzerland; Centro Speciale di Scienze e Simbolica dei Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Sant'Abbondio 12, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Cristina Corti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umane e dell'Innovazione per il Territorio, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Sant'Abbondio 12, 22100 Como, Italy; Centro Speciale di Scienze e Simbolica dei Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Sant'Abbondio 12, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Barbara Giussani
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Giulia Gorla
- Research and Innovation in Analytical Chemistry group (IBeA), Departamento de Quìmica Analìtica, University of Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, s/n, 48940 Leioia - Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Moira Luraschi
- Museo delle Culture, Villa Malpensata, Riva Antonio Caccia 5, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Recchia
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Laura Rampazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umane e dell'Innovazione per il Territorio, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Sant'Abbondio 12, 22100 Como, Italy; Centro Speciale di Scienze e Simbolica dei Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Sant'Abbondio 12, 22100 Como, Italy
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Laity PR, Holland C. Seeking Solvation: Exploring the Role of Protein Hydration in Silk Gelation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020551. [PMID: 35056868 PMCID: PMC8781151 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which arthropods (e.g., spiders and many insects) can produce silk fibres from an aqueous protein (fibroin) solution has remained elusive, despite much scientific investigation. In this work, we used several techniques to explore the role of a hydration shell bound to the fibroin in native silk feedstock (NSF) from Bombyx mori silkworms. Small angle X-ray and dynamic light scattering (SAXS and DLS) revealed a coil size (radius of gyration or hydrodynamic radius) around 12 nm, providing considerable scope for hydration. Aggregation in dilute aqueous solution was observed above 65 °C, matching the gelation temperature of more concentrated solutions and suggesting that the strength of interaction with the solvent (i.e., water) was the dominant factor. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy indicated decreasing hydration as the temperature was raised, with similar changes in hydration following gelation by freezing or heating. It was found that the solubility of fibroin in water or aqueous salt solutions could be described well by a relatively simple thermodynamic model for the stability of the protein hydration shell, which suggests that the affected water is enthalpically favoured but entropically penalised, due to its reduced (vibrational or translational) dynamics. Moreover, while the majority of this investigation used fibroin from B. mori, comparisons with published work on silk proteins from other silkworms and spiders, globular proteins and peptide model systems suggest that our findings may be of much wider significance.
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Zhong J, Liu Y, Ren J, Tang Y, Qi Z, Zhou X, Chen X, Shao Z, Chen M, Kaplan DL, Ling S. Understanding Secondary Structures of Silk Materials via Micro- and Nano-Infrared Spectroscopies. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3161-3183. [PMID: 33405510 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The secondary structures (also termed conformations) of silk fibroin (SF) in animal silk fibers and regenerated SF materials are critical in determining mechanical performance and function of the materials. In order to understand the structure-mechanics-function relationships of silk materials, a variety of advanced infrared spectroscopic techniques, such as micro-infrared spectroscopies (micro-IR spectroscopies for short), synchrotron micro-IR spectroscopy, and nano-infrared spectroscopies (nano-IR spectroscopies for short), have been used to determine the conformations of SF in silk materials. These IR spectroscopic methods provide a useful toolkit to understand conformations and conformational transitions of SF in various silk materials with spatial resolution from the nano-scale to the micro-scale. In this Review, we first summarize progress in understanding the structure and structure-mechanics relationships of silk materials. We then discuss the state-of-the-art micro- and nano-IR spectroscopic techniques used for silk materials characterization. We also provide a systematic discussion of the strategies to collect high-quality spectra and the methods to analyze these spectra. Finally, we demonstrate the challenges and directions for future exploration of silk-based materials with IR spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhong
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yawen Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jing Ren
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yuzhao Tang
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zeming Qi
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhou
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhengzhong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Min Chen
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
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He Z, Liu Z, Zhou X, Huang H. Low pressure-induced secondary structure transitions of regenerated silk fibroin in its wet film studied by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. Proteins 2018; 86:621-628. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng He
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Design and Application of Advanced Functional Polymer, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Zhao Liu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Design and Application of Advanced Functional Polymer, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Design and Application of Advanced Functional Polymer, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - He Huang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Design and Application of Advanced Functional Polymer, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
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Guo K, Dong Z, Zhang Y, Wang D, Tang M, Zhang X, Xia Q, Zhao P. Improved strength of silk fibers in Bombyx mori trimolters induced by an anti-juvenile hormone compound. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1148-1156. [PMID: 29452235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bombyx mori silk fibers with thin diameters have advantages of lightness and crease-resistance. Many studies have used anti-juvenile hormones to induce trimolters in order to generate thin silk; however, there has been comparatively little analysis of the morphology, structure and mechanical properties of trimolter silk. METHODS This study induced two kinds of trimolters by appling topically anti-juvenile hormones and obtained thin diameter silk. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), FTIR analysis, tensile mechanical testing, chitin staining were used to reveal that the morphology, conformation and mechanical property of the trimolter silk. RESULTS Cocoon of trimolters were highly densely packed by thinner fibers and thus had small apertures. We found that the conformation of trimolter silk fibroin changed and formed more β-sheet structures. In addition, analysis of mechanical parameters yielded a higher Young's modulus and strength in trimolter silk than in the control. By chitin staining of silk gland, we postulated that the mechanical properties of trimolters' silk was enhanced greatly during to the structural changes of silk gland. CONCLUSION We induced trimolters by anti-juvenile hormones and the resulting cocoons were more closely packed and had smaller silk fiber diameters. We found that the conformation of trimolters silk fibroin had a higher content of β-sheet structures and better mechanical properties. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our study revealed the structures and mechanical properties of trimolter silk, and provided a valuable reference to improve silk quality by influencing molting in silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China; College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Muya Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Bhattacharjee P, Kundu B, Naskar D, Kim HW, Maiti TK, Bhattacharya D, Kundu SC. Silk scaffolds in bone tissue engineering: An overview. Acta Biomater 2017; 63:1-17. [PMID: 28941652 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue plays multiple roles in our day-to-day functionality. The frequency of accidental bone damage and disorder is increasing worldwide. Moreover, as the world population continues to grow, the percentage of the elderly population continues to grow, which results in an increased number of bone degenerative diseases. This increased elderly population pushes the need for artificial bone implants that specifically employ biocompatible materials. A vast body of literature is available on the use of silk in bone tissue engineering. The current work presents an overview of this literature from materials and fabrication perspective. As silk is an easy-to-process biopolymer; this allows silk-based biomaterials to be molded into diverse forms and architectures, which further affects the degradability. This makes silk-based scaffolds suitable for treating a variety of bone reconstruction and regeneration objectives. Silk surfaces offer active sites that aid the mineralization and/or bonding of bioactive molecules that facilitate bone regeneration. Silk has also been blended with a variety of polymers and minerals to enhance its advantageous properties or introduce new ones. Several successful works, both in vitro and in vivo, have been reported using silk-based scaffolds to regenerate bone tissues or other parts of the skeletal system such as cartilage and ligament. A growing trend is observed toward the use of mineralized and nanofibrous scaffolds along with the development of technology that allows to control scaffold architecture, its biodegradability and the sustained releasing property of scaffolds. Further development of silk-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, taking them up to and beyond the stage of human trials, is hoped to be achieved in the near future through a cross-disciplinary coalition of tissue engineers, material scientists and manufacturing engineers. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The state-of-art of silk biomaterials in bone tissue engineering, covering their wide applications as cell scaffolding matrices to micro-nano carriers for delivering bone growth factors and therapeutic molecules to diseased or damaged sites to facilitate bone regeneration, is emphasized here. The review rationalizes that the choice of silk protein as a biomaterial is not only because of its natural polymeric nature, mechanical robustness, flexibility and wide range of cell compatibility but also because of its ability to template the growth of hydroxyapatite, the chief inorganic component of bone mineral matrix, resulting in improved osteointegration. The discussion extends to the role of inorganic ions such as Si and Ca as matrix components in combination with silk to influence bone regrowth. The effect of ions or growth factor-loaded vehicle incorporation into regenerative matrix, nanotopography is also considered.
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Balčytis A, Ryu M, Wang X, Novelli F, Seniutinas G, Du S, Wang X, Li J, Davis J, Appadoo D, Morikawa J, Juodkazis S. Silk: Optical Properties over 12.6 Octaves THz-IR-Visible-UV Range. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E356. [PMID: 28772716 PMCID: PMC5507002 DOI: 10.3390/ma10040356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Domestic (Bombyx mori) and wild (Antheraea pernyi) silk fibers were characterised over a wide spectral range from THz 8 cm -1 ( λ = 1.25 mm, f = 0.24 THz) to deep-UV 50 × 10 3 cm - 1 ( λ = 200 nm, f = 1500 THz) wavelengths or over a 12.6 octave frequency range. Spectral features at β-sheet, α-coil and amorphous fibroin were analysed at different spectral ranges. Single fiber cross sections at mid-IR were used to determine spatial distribution of different silk constituents and revealed an α-coil rich core and more broadly spread β-sheets in natural silk fibers obtained from wild Antheraea pernyi moths. Low energy T-ray bands at 243 and 229 cm -1 were observed in crystalline fibers of domestic and wild silk fibers, respectively, and showed no spectral shift down to 78 K temperature. A distinct 20±4 cm-1 band was observed in the crystalline Antheraea pernyi silk fibers. Systematic analysis and assignment of the observed spectral bands is presented. Water solubility and biodegradability of silk, required for bio-medical and sensor applications, are directly inferred from specific spectral bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armandas Balčytis
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania.
- These authors contributed equally to this work..
| | - Meguya Ryu
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
- These authors contributed equally to this work..
| | - Xuewen Wang
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
- These authors contributed equally to this work..
| | - Fabio Novelli
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
- Current address: Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany..
| | - Gediminas Seniutinas
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
- Current address: Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland..
| | - Shan Du
- Australian Future Fibres Research and Innovation Centre, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Xungai Wang
- Australian Future Fibres Research and Innovation Centre, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Jingliang Li
- Australian Future Fibres Research and Innovation Centre, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Jeffrey Davis
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Dominique Appadoo
- Australian Synchrotron, Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Junko Morikawa
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, the Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Rd., Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
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Sutherland TD, Rapson TD, Huson MG, Church JS. Recombinant Structural Proteins and Their Use in Future Materials. Subcell Biochem 2017; 82:491-526. [PMID: 28101871 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49674-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins are polymers that offer the materials engineer absolute control over chain length and composition: key attributes required for design of advanced polymeric materials. Through this control, these polymers can be encoded to contain information that enables them to respond as the environment changes. However, despite their promise, protein-based materials are under-represented in materials science. In this chapter we investigate why this is and describe recent efforts to address this. We discuss constraints limiting rational design of structural proteins for advanced materials; advantages and disadvantages of different recombinant expression platforms; and, methods to fabricate proteins into solid-state materials. Finally, we describe the silk proteins used in our laboratory as templates for information-containing polymers.
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Volkov V, Vasconcelos A, Sárria MP, Gomes AC, Cavaco-Paulo A. Phosphorylation of silk fibroins improves the cytocompatibility of silk fibroin derived materials: A platform for the production of tuneable material. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:1267-78. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Mo C, Holland C, Porter D, Shao Z, Vollrath F. Concentration State Dependence of the Rheological and Structural Properties of Reconstituted Silk. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2724-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900452u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Mo
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers of Ministry of Education, Advanced Materials Laboratory, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chris Holland
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers of Ministry of Education, Advanced Materials Laboratory, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - David Porter
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers of Ministry of Education, Advanced Materials Laboratory, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengzhong Shao
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers of Ministry of Education, Advanced Materials Laboratory, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fritz Vollrath
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers of Ministry of Education, Advanced Materials Laboratory, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
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Inspiration from Natural Silks and Their Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2377(08)00205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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