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Scalco A, Moro N, Mongillo M, Zaglia T. Neurohumoral Cardiac Regulation: Optogenetics Gets Into the Groove. Front Physiol 2021; 12:726895. [PMID: 34531763 PMCID: PMC8438220 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.726895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the main modulator of heart function, adapting contraction force, and rate to the continuous variations of intrinsic and extrinsic environmental conditions. While the parasympathetic branch dominates during rest-and-digest sympathetic neuron (SN) activation ensures the rapid, efficient, and repeatable increase of heart performance, e.g., during the "fight-or-flight response." Although the key role of the nervous system in cardiac homeostasis was evident to the eyes of physiologists and cardiologists, the degree of cardiac innervation, and the complexity of its circuits has remained underestimated for too long. In addition, the mechanisms allowing elevated efficiency and precision of neurogenic control of heart function have somehow lingered in the dark. This can be ascribed to the absence of methods adequate to study complex cardiac electric circuits in the unceasingly moving heart. An increasing number of studies adds to the scenario the evidence of an intracardiac neuron system, which, together with the autonomic components, define a little brain inside the heart, in fervent dialogue with the central nervous system (CNS). The advent of optogenetics, allowing control the activity of excitable cells with cell specificity, spatial selectivity, and temporal resolution, has allowed to shed light on basic neuro-cardiology. This review describes how optogenetics, which has extensively been used to interrogate the circuits of the CNS, has been applied to untangle the knots of heart innervation, unveiling the cellular mechanisms of neurogenic control of heart function, in physiology and pathology, as well as those participating to brain-heart communication, back and forth. We discuss existing literature, providing a comprehensive view of the advancement in the understanding of the mechanisms of neurogenic heart control. In addition, we weigh the limits and potential of optogenetics in basic and applied research in neuro-cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Scalco
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Moro
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Mongillo
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Tania Zaglia
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Lam JH, Hill B, Quang T, Amelard R, Kim S, Yazdi HS, Warren RV, Cutler KB, Tromberg BJ. Multi-modal diffuse optical spectroscopy for high-speed monitoring and wide-area mapping of tissue optical properties and hemodynamics. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210158RR. [PMID: 34390234 PMCID: PMC8362892 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.8.085002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (DOSI) is a versatile technology sensitive to changes in tissue composition and hemodynamics and has been used for a wide variety of clinical applications. Specific applications have prompted the development of versions of the DOSI technology to fit specific clinical needs. This work describes the development and characterization of a multi-modal DOSI (MM-DOSI) system that can acquire metabolic, compositional, and pulsatile information at multiple penetration depths in a single hardware platform. Additionally, a 3D tracking system is integrated with MM-DOSI, which enables registration of the acquired data to the physical imaging area. AIM We demonstrate imaging, layered compositional analysis, and metabolism tracking capabilities using a single MM-DOSI system on optical phantoms as well as in vivo human tissue. APPROACH We characterize system performance with a silicone phantom containing an embedded object. To demonstrate multi-layer sensitivity, we imaged human calf tissue with a 4.8-mm skin-adipose thickness. Human thenar tissue was also measured using a combined broadband DOSI and continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy method (∼15 Hz acquisition rate). RESULTS High-resolution optical property maps of absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (μs ' ) were recovered on the phantom by capturing over 1000 measurement points in under 5 minutes. On human calf tissue, we show two probing depth layers have significantly different (p < 0.001) total-hemo/myoglobin and μs ' composition. On thenar tissue, we calculate tissue arterial oxygen saturation, venous oxygen saturation, and tissue metabolic rate of oxygen consumption during baseline and after release of an arterial occlusion. CONCLUSIONS The MM-DOSI can switch between collection of broadband spectra, high-resolution images, or multi-depth hemodynamics without any hardware reconfiguration. We conclude that MM-DOSI enables acquisition of high resolution, multi-modal data consolidated in a single platform, which can provide a more comprehensive understanding of tissue hemodynamics and composition for a wide range of clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse H. Lam
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
- Dankook University, Beckman Laser Institute Korea, School of Medicine, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Brian Hill
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Timothy Quang
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Robert Amelard
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Schlegel-UW Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sehwan Kim
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
- Dankook University, Beckman Laser Institute Korea, School of Medicine, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hossein S. Yazdi
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Robert V. Warren
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Kyle B. Cutler
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
- Address all correspondence to Bruce J. Tromberg,
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Rao P, Wang L, Cheng Y, Wang X, Li H, Zheng G, Li Z, Jiang C, Zhou Q, Huang C. Near-infrared light driven tissue-penetrating cardiac optogenetics via upconversion nanoparticles in vivo. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:1401-1416. [PMID: 32206418 PMCID: PMC7075614 DOI: 10.1364/boe.381480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study determines whether near-infrared (NIR) light can drive tissue-penetrating cardiac optical control with upconversion luminescent materials. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) was injected intravenously to rats to achieve ChR2 expression in the heart. The upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) NaYF4:Yb/Tm or upconversion microparticles (UCMP) NaYF4 to upconvert blue light were selected to fabricate freestanding polydimethylsiloxane films. These were attached on the ventricle and covered with muscle tissue. Additionally, a 980-nm NIR laser was programmed and illuminated on the film or the tissue. The NIR laser successfully captured ectopic paced rhythm in the heart, which displays similar manipulation characteristics to those triggered by blue light. Our results highlight the feasibility of tissue-penetration cardiac optogenetics by NIR and demonstrate the potential to use external optical manipulation for non-invasive or weakly invasive applications in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Rao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology,430060, Wuhan, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Long Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology,430060, Wuhan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology,430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology,430060, Wuhan, China
- Co-corresponding authors
| | - Haitao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Hainan General Hospital, 570311, Haikou, China
| | - Guoxing Zheng
- School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
- Co-corresponding authors
| | - Zile Li
- School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Chan Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology,430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology,430060, Wuhan, China
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Congxin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology,430060, Wuhan, China
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Liu J, Liu R, Xu K. Accuracy of Noninvasive Glucose Sensing Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:1313-1318. [PMID: 26647054 DOI: 10.1366/14-07728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The noninvasive sensing of the blood glucose concentration is usually based on optical, electrical, or acoustical signals induced by blood glucose; these signals are extremely weak and subject to fluctuations caused by the variation in the body or surroundings. Therefore, it is challenging to detect blood glucose noninvasively with high accuracy, and no successful accurate and noninvasive clinical application has been reported. We found that there are two key measurement issues to be addressed: systematic errors, such as the errors induced by the drifts of devices or by variations in body temperature, among others, are too large to guarantee the trueness of measurement at present; and random disturbances in repeated tests, such as disturbances associated with variations in the human-machine interface, pulses, and the thermal noise of the devices, cause larger repeated measurement errors and compromise precision. Recent novel reference measurements based on differential near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy are considered promising for solving the systematic error issue by establishing matched references, collected at another detection site or at another time, and subsequently differencing to remove the common systematic errors. However, differencing weakens the signal of interest itself and enlarges the effects of the second issue, random disturbances affecting the precision. It is understood that only reference measurements that can meet the precision requirement will be promising for future applications. Therefore, this study quantitatively evaluates the precision of the main differential NIR spectroscopy measurements considering similar conditions and minimized random disturbances. The precision of the measurements under these conditions should represent their optimal precision levels. After the evaluation, noninvasive glucose-sensing methods that hold promise for future clinical application are proposed. Finally, the evaluation criteria could be a reference for the noninvasive detection of other physiological components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Gussakovsky E, Yang Y, Rendell J, Jilkina O, Kupriyanov V. NIR spectroscopic imaging to map hemoglobin + myoglobin oxygenation, their concentration and optical pathlength across a beating pig heart during surgery. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2012; 5:128-39. [PMID: 21688399 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic imaging can provide spatial distribution (maps) of the absolute concentration of hemoglobin + myoglobin, oxygen saturation parameter and optical pathlength, reporting on the biochemico-physiological status of a beating heart in vivo. The method is based on processing the NIR spectroscopic images employing a first-derivative approach. Blood-pressure-controlled gating compensated the effect of heart motion on the imaging. All the maps are available simultaneously and noninvasively at a spatial resolution in the submillimeter range and can be obtained in a couple of minutes. The equipment has no mechanical contact with the tissue, thereby leaving the heart unaffected during the measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Gussakovsky
- National Research Council Institute for Biodiagnostics, 435 Ellice Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 1Y6.
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Gussakovsky E, Kuzio B, Yang Y, Kupriyanov V. Fluorescence imaging to quantify the fluorescent microspheres in cardiac tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2011; 4:277-287. [PMID: 20672303 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To quantify the fluorescent microsphere (FM) content in cardiac tissue, which is an indicative of blood flow, fluorescence imaging of both sides of the pig heart slice was employed. Despite the light scattering inside the tissue and contributions from multiple tissue layers to the total emission, it is shown that the fluorescence intensity at any pixel is proportional to the FM content and the fluorescence image may be transformed to the image of the FM concentration. A convenient standard for the emission-FM concentration transformation is proposed. The approach has several advantages in comparison with the traditional "digestion & extraction" method such as: non-destructiveness, high spatial resolution, high throughput, repeatability and simplicity of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Gussakovsky
- National Research Council Institute for Biodiagnostics, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B1Y6 Canada.
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Gussakovsky E, Yang Y, Rendell J, Jilkina O, Kupriyanov V. Mapping the myoglobin concentration, oxygenation, and optical pathlength in heart ex vivo using near-infrared imaging. Anal Biochem 2010; 407:120-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gussakovsky E, Jilkina O, Yang Y, Kupriyanov V. Hemoglobin plus myoglobin concentrations and near infrared light pathlength in phantom and pig hearts determined by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 2008; 382:107-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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