1
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Banah H, Balint-Kurti PJ, Houdinet G, Hawkes CV, Kudenov M. The quantification of southern corn leaf blight disease using deep UV fluorescence spectroscopy and autoencoder anomaly detection techniques. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301779. [PMID: 38748689 PMCID: PMC11095743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Southern leaf blight (SLB) is a foliar disease caused by the fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus infecting maize plants in humid, warm weather conditions. SLB causes production losses to corn producers in different regions of the world such as Latin America, Europe, India, and Africa. In this paper, we demonstrate a non-destructive method to quantify the signs of fungal infection in SLB-infected corn plants using a deep UV (DUV) fluorescence spectrometer, with a 248.6 nm excitation wavelength, to acquire the emission spectra of healthy and SLB-infected corn leaves. Fluorescence emission spectra of healthy and diseased leaves were used to train an Autoencoder (AE) anomaly detection algorithm-an unsupervised machine learning model-to quantify the phenotype associated with SLB-infected leaves. For all samples, the signature of corn leaves consisted of two prominent peaks around 450 nm and 325 nm. However, SLB-infected leaves showed a higher response at 325 nm compared to healthy leaves, which was correlated to the presence of C. heterostrophus based on disease severity ratings from Visual Scores (VS). Specifically, we observed a linear inverse relationship between the AE error and the VS (R2 = 0.94 and RMSE = 0.935). With improved hardware, this method may enable improved quantification of SLB infection versus visual scoring based on e.g., fungal spore concentration per unit area and spatial localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashem Banah
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- NC Plant Science Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Balint-Kurti
- USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit and Entomology and Plant Pathology Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- NC Plant Science Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Gabriella Houdinet
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Christine V. Hawkes
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Michael Kudenov
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- NC Plant Science Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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2
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Sharma S, Roppel RD, Murphy AE, Beegle LW, Bhartia R, Steele A, Hollis JR, Siljeström S, McCubbin FM, Asher SA, Abbey WJ, Allwood AC, Berger EL, Bleefeld BL, Burton AS, Bykov SV, Cardarelli EL, Conrad PG, Corpolongo A, Czaja AD, DeFlores LP, Edgett K, Farley KA, Fornaro T, Fox AC, Fries MD, Harker D, Hickman-Lewis K, Huggett J, Imbeah S, Jakubek RS, Kah LC, Lee C, Liu Y, Magee A, Minitti M, Moore KR, Pascuzzo A, Rodriguez Sanchez-Vahamonde C, Scheller EL, Shkolyar S, Stack KM, Steadman K, Tuite M, Uckert K, Werynski A, Wiens RC, Williams AJ, Winchell K, Kennedy MR, Yanchilina A. Diverse organic-mineral associations in Jezero crater, Mars. Nature 2023; 619:724-732. [PMID: 37438522 PMCID: PMC10371864 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence and distribution of preserved organic matter on the surface of Mars can provide key information about the Martian carbon cycle and the potential of the planet to host life throughout its history. Several types of organic molecules have been previously detected in Martian meteorites1 and at Gale crater, Mars2-4. Evaluating the diversity and detectability of organic matter elsewhere on Mars is important for understanding the extent and diversity of Martian surface processes and the potential availability of carbon sources1,5,6. Here we report the detection of Raman and fluorescence spectra consistent with several species of aromatic organic molecules in the Máaz and Séítah formations within the Crater Floor sequences of Jezero crater, Mars. We report specific fluorescence-mineral associations consistent with many classes of organic molecules occurring in different spatial patterns within these compositionally distinct formations, potentially indicating different fates of carbon across environments. Our findings suggest there may be a diversity of aromatic molecules prevalent on the Martian surface, and these materials persist despite exposure to surface conditions. These potential organic molecules are largely found within minerals linked to aqueous processes, indicating that these processes may have had a key role in organic synthesis, transport or preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunanda Sharma
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Ryan D Roppel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Steele
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Sandra Siljeström
- Department of Methodology, Textiles and Medical Technology, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francis M McCubbin
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sanford A Asher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William J Abbey
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Abigail C Allwood
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Eve L Berger
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas State University, Houston, TX, USA
- Jacobs JETS II, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Aaron S Burton
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sergei V Bykov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emily L Cardarelli
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Pamela G Conrad
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrea Corpolongo
- Department of Geosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrew D Czaja
- Department of Geosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lauren P DeFlores
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Kenneth A Farley
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Teresa Fornaro
- Astrophysical Observatory of Arcetri, INAF, Florence, Italy
| | - Allison C Fox
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas State University, Houston, TX, USA
- Jacobs JETS II, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marc D Fries
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Harker
- Malin Space Science Systems, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Samara Imbeah
- Malin Space Science Systems, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ryan S Jakubek
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Jacobs JETS II, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linda C Kah
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Carina Lee
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas State University, Houston, TX, USA
- Jacobs JETS II, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Angela Magee
- Malin Space Science Systems, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Kelsey R Moore
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Eva L Scheller
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Svetlana Shkolyar
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Planetary Geology, Geophysics and Geochemistry Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathryn M Stack
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kim Steadman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Michael Tuite
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Uckert
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Roger C Wiens
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Amy J Williams
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Katherine Winchell
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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3
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Razzell Hollis J, Sharma S, Abbey W, Bhartia R, Beegle L, Fries M, Hein JD, Monacelli B, Nordman AD. A Deep Ultraviolet Raman and Fluorescence Spectral Library of 51 Organic Compounds for the SHERLOC Instrument Onboard Mars 2020. ASTROBIOLOGY 2023; 23:1-23. [PMID: 36367974 PMCID: PMC9810352 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report deep ultraviolet (DUV) Raman and Fluorescence spectra obtained on a SHERLOC (Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals) analog instrument for 51 pure organic compounds, including 5 carboxylic acids, 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 24 amino acids, 6 nucleobases, and 6 different grades of macromolecular carbon from humic acid to graphite. Organic mixtures were not investigated. We discuss how the DUV fluorescence and Raman spectra exhibited by different organic compounds allow for detection, classification, and identification of organics by SHERLOC. We find that 1- and 2-ring aromatic compounds produce detectable fluorescence within SHERLOC's spectral range (250-355 nm), but fluorescence spectra are not unique enough to enable easy identification of particular compounds. However, both aromatic and aliphatic compounds can be identified by their Raman spectra, with the number of Raman peaks and their positions being highly specific to chemical structure, within SHERLOC's reported spectral uncertainty of ±5 cm-1. For compounds that are not in the Library, classification is possible by comparing the general number and position of dominant Raman peaks with trends for different kinds of organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Razzell Hollis
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sunanda Sharma
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - William Abbey
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - Luther Beegle
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Marc Fries
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Hein
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Brian Monacelli
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Austin D. Nordman
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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4
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Scheller EL, Razzell Hollis J, Cardarelli EL, Steele A, Beegle LW, Bhartia R, Conrad P, Uckert K, Sharma S, Ehlmann BL, Abbey WJ, Asher SA, Benison KC, Berger EL, Beyssac O, Bleefeld BL, Bosak T, Brown AJ, Burton AS, Bykov SV, Cloutis E, Fairén AG, DeFlores L, Farley KA, Fey DM, Fornaro T, Fox AC, Fries M, Hickman-Lewis K, Hug WF, Huggett JE, Imbeah S, Jakubek RS, Kah LC, Kelemen P, Kennedy MR, Kizovski T, Lee C, Liu Y, Mandon L, McCubbin FM, Moore KR, Nixon BE, Núñez JI, Rodriguez Sanchez-Vahamonde C, Roppel RD, Schulte M, Sephton MA, Sharma SK, Siljeström S, Shkolyar S, Shuster DL, Simon JI, Smith RJ, Stack KM, Steadman K, Weiss BP, Werynski A, Williams AJ, Wiens RC, Williford KH, Winchell K, Wogsland B, Yanchilina A, Yingling R, Zorzano MP. Aqueous alteration processes in Jezero crater, Mars-implications for organic geochemistry. Science 2022; 378:1105-1110. [PMID: 36417498 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo5204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater, Mars, in February 2021. We used the Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) instrument to perform deep-ultraviolet Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy of three rocks within the crater. We identify evidence for two distinct ancient aqueous environments at different times. Reactions with liquid water formed carbonates in an olivine-rich igneous rock. A sulfate-perchlorate mixture is present in the rocks, which probably formed by later modifications of the rocks by brine. Fluorescence signatures consistent with aromatic organic compounds occur throughout these rocks and are preserved in minerals related to both aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L Scheller
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Razzell Hollis
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Emily L Cardarelli
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Steele
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Luther W Beegle
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Pamela Conrad
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kyle Uckert
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Sunanda Sharma
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Bethany L Ehlmann
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - William J Abbey
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Sanford A Asher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen C Benison
- Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Eve L Berger
- Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA.,Jacobs Johnson Space Center Engineering, Technology and Science Contract, Houston, TX, USA.,NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Olivier Beyssac
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Tanja Bosak
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Sergei V Bykov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ed Cloutis
- Geography, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alberto G Fairén
- Centro de Astrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lauren DeFlores
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth A Farley
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Teresa Fornaro
- Astrophysical Observatory of Arcetri, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Marc Fries
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keyron Hickman-Lewis
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Linda C Kah
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Peter Kelemen
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | | | - Tanya Kizovski
- Department of Earth Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Carina Lee
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lucia Mandon
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, 92195 Meudon, France
| | | | - Kelsey R Moore
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Jorge I Núñez
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | - Ryan D Roppel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mitchell Schulte
- Mars Exploration Program, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark A Sephton
- Earth Science and Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - Shiv K Sharma
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Svetlana Shkolyar
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - David L Shuster
- Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Rebecca J Smith
- Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn M Stack
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kim Steadman
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin P Weiss
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Amy J Williams
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Roger C Wiens
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.,Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kenneth H Williford
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Brittan Wogsland
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Maria-Paz Zorzano
- Centro de Astrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Ryan CH, Daly MG, Brady AL, Slater GF, Lim DSS. Organic Material Distribution in Mars-Analog Volcanic Rocks, as Determined with Ultraviolet Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy. ASTROBIOLOGY 2021; 21:981-996. [PMID: 34406806 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the distribution of trace organic material in a rocky environment is a key to constraining the material requirements for sustaining microbial life. We used an ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy instrument to characterize the distribution of organic biosignatures in basalts collected from two Mars-analog environments. We correlated the fluorescence results with alteration-related sample properties. These samples exhibit a range of alteration conditions found in the volcanic environments of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, Hawai'i (HI), and Craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho (ID), including fumarolic systems. LIF mapping of the sample surfaces and interiors showed a heterogeneous distribution of areas of highly fluorescent material (point[s]-of-interest [POIs])-with fluorescence characteristics indicative of organic material. Results suggest that POIs are associated with secondary alteration mineral deposits in the rock's vesicles, including zeolites and calcite. Scanning electron microscopy with electron-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to characterize the mineralogy present at POIs and support the evidence of carbon-bearing material. Overall, samples collected proximate to active or relict meteoric fumaroles from Hawai'i were shown to contain evidence for organic deposits. This suggests that these minerals are measurable spectroscopic targets that may be used to inform sample-site selection for astrobiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catheryn H Ryan
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael G Daly
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Allyson L Brady
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Greg F Slater
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Darlene S S Lim
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
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6
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Gasda PJ, Wiens RC, Reyes-Newell A, Ganguly K, Newell RT, Peterson C, Sandoval B, Ott L, Adikari S, Voit S, Clegg SM, Misra AK, Acosta-Maeda TE, Quinn H, Sharma SK, Dale M, Love SP, Maurice S. OrganiCam: a lightweight time-resolved laser-induced luminescence imager and Raman spectrometer for planetary organic material characterization. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:3753-3763. [PMID: 33983308 DOI: 10.1364/ao.421291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OrganiCam is a laser-induced luminescence imager and spectrometer designed for standoff organic and biosignature detection on planetary bodies. OrganiCam uses a diffused laser beam (12° cone) to cover a large area at several meters distance and records luminescence on half of its intensified detector. The diffuser can be removed to record Raman and fluorescence spectra from a small spot from 2 m standoff distance. OrganiCam's small size and light weight makes it ideal for surveying organics on planetary surfaces. We have designed and built a brassboard version of the OrganiCam instrument and performed initial tests of the system.
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7
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Razzell Hollis J, Fornaro T, Rapin W, Wade J, Vicente-Retortillo Á, Steele A, Bhartia R, Beegle LW. Detection and Degradation of Adenosine Monophosphate in Perchlorate-Spiked Martian Regolith Analog, by Deep-Ultraviolet Spectroscopy. ASTROBIOLOGY 2021; 21:511-525. [PMID: 33493410 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The search for organic biosignatures on Mars will depend on finding material protected from the destructive ambient radiation. Solar ultraviolet can induce photochemical degradation of organic compounds, but certain clays have been shown to preserve organic material. We examine how the SHERLOC instrument on the upcoming Mars 2020 mission will use deep-ultraviolet (UV) (248.6 nm) Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy to detect a plausible biosignature of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) adsorbed onto Ca-montmorillonite clay. We found that the spectral signature of AMP is not altered by adsorption in the clay matrix but does change with prolonged exposure to the UV laser over dosages equivalent to 0.2-6 sols of ambient martian UV. For pure AMP, UV exposure leads to breaking of the aromatic adenine unit, but in the presence of clay the degradation is limited to minor alteration with new Raman peaks and increased fluorescence consistent with formation of 2-hydroxyadenosine, while 1 wt % Mg perchlorate increases the rate of degradation. Our results confirm that clays are effective preservers of organic material and should be considered high-value targets, but that pristine biosignatures may be altered within 1 sol of martian UV exposure, with implications for Mars 2020 science operations and sample caching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Razzell Hollis
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Teresa Fornaro
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Arcetri, Florence, Italy
| | - William Rapin
- Department of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Sorbonne Université, IMPMC, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Wade
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Álvaro Vicente-Retortillo
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Andrew Steele
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Luther W Beegle
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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8
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ElKassas K, Chullipalliyalil K, McAuliffe M, Vucen S, Crean A. Fluorescence spectroscopy for the determination of reconstitution time of an in-vial lyophilised product. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120368. [PMID: 33561500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lyophilisation is a prominent technique used to create stabilised, dried forms of biopharmaceutical formulations. Reconstitution of lyophilised parenteral formulations is a key step prior to patient administration. The accurate determination of reconstitution time is a necessity to aid formulation development and support product quality control. Traditional methods for quantifying reconstitution time involve the visual identification of the endpoint, which has led to variable values reported across studies. In this work, the use of ultra-violet (UV) excited fluorescence spectroscopy as an alternative to the visual quantification of the reconstitution time was investigated. Spectrographic information was collected via a bespoke setup that allowed the measurement of the reconstitution time in a standard sealed lyophilisation vial. The spectra were analysed via principal component analysis (PCA) to obtain a time-based representation of the changes in a reconstituting formulation. The analysis was followed by the identification of an endpoint using three techniques ranging from fully automated to manual with regards to the required level of user input. At high protein concentration, the variability of the reconstitution time measurements was reduced from 80.4% relative standard deviation obtained via the traditional method to 8.2% for the instrumental method presented in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled ElKassas
- SSPC Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 YT20, Ireland
| | | | - Michael McAuliffe
- Centre for Advanced Photonics & Process Analysis, Munster Technological University Cork, T12P928, Ireland
| | - Sonja Vucen
- SSPC Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Abina Crean
- SSPC Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 YT20, Ireland
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9
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Uckert K, Parness A, Chanover N, Eshelman EJ, Abcouwer N, Nash J, Detry R, Fuller C, Voelz D, Hull R, Flannery D, Bhartia R, Manatt KS, Abbey WJ, Boston P. Investigating Habitability with an Integrated Rock-Climbing Robot and Astrobiology Instrument Suite. ASTROBIOLOGY 2020; 20:1427-1449. [PMID: 33052709 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A prototype rover carrying an astrobiology payload was developed and deployed at analog field sites to mature generalized system architectures capable of searching for biosignatures in extreme terrain across the Solar System. Specifically, the four-legged Limbed Excursion Mechanical Utility Robot (LEMUR) 3 climbing robot with microspine grippers carried three instruments: a micro-X-ray fluorescence instrument based on the Mars 2020 mission's Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry provided elemental chemistry; a deep-ultraviolet fluorescence instrument based on Mars 2020's Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals mapped organics in bacterial communities on opaque substrates; and a near-infrared acousto-optic tunable filter-based point spectrometer identified minerals and organics in the 1.6-3.6 μm range. The rover also carried a light detection and ranging and a color camera for both science and navigation. Combined, this payload detects astrobiologically important classes of rock components (elements, minerals, and organics) in extreme terrain, which, as demonstrated in this work, can reveal a correlation between textural biosignatures and the organics or elements expected to preserve them in a habitable environment. Across >10 field tests, milestones were achieved in instrument operations, autonomous mobility in extreme terrain, and system integration that can inform future planetary science mission architectures. Contributions include (1) system-level demonstration of mock missions to the vertical exposures of Mars lava tube caves and Mars canyon walls, (2) demonstration of multi-instrument integration into a confocal arrangement with surface scanning capabilities, and (3) demonstration of automated focus stacking algorithms for improved signal-to-noise ratios and reduced operation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Uckert
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Aaron Parness
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Nancy Chanover
- New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Evan J Eshelman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Neil Abcouwer
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Jeremy Nash
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Renaud Detry
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Christine Fuller
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - David Voelz
- New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Robert Hull
- New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - David Flannery
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Kenneth S Manatt
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - William J Abbey
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Penelope Boston
- NASA Astrobiology Institute, Ames Research Center, Mountain View, California, USA
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10
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Malaska MJ, Bhartia R, Manatt KS, Priscu JC, Abbey WJ, Mellerowicz B, Palmowski J, Paulsen GL, Zacny K, Eshelman EJ, D'Andrilli J. Subsurface In Situ Detection of Microbes and Diverse Organic Matter Hotspots in the Greenland Ice Sheet. ASTROBIOLOGY 2020; 20:1185-1211. [PMID: 32700965 PMCID: PMC7591382 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We used a deep-ultraviolet fluorescence mapping spectrometer, coupled to a drill system, to scan from the surface to 105 m depth into the Greenland ice sheet. The scan included firn and glacial ice and demonstrated that the instrument is able to determine small (mm) and large (cm) scale regions of organic matter concentration and discriminate spectral types of organic matter at high resolution. Both a linear point cloud scanning mode and a raster mapping mode were used to detect and localize microbial and organic matter "hotspots" embedded in the ice. Our instrument revealed diverse spectral signatures. Most hotspots were <20 mm in diameter, clearly isolated from other hotspots, and distributed stochastically; there was no evidence of layering in the ice at the fine scales examined (100 μm per pixel). The spectral signatures were consistent with organic matter fluorescence from microbes, lignins, fused-ring aromatic molecules, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and biologically derived materials such as fulvic acids. In situ detection of organic matter hotspots in ice prevents loss of spatial information and signal dilution when compared with traditional bulk analysis of ice core meltwaters. Our methodology could be useful for detecting microbial and organic hotspots in terrestrial icy environments and on future missions to the Ocean Worlds of our Solar System.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Malaska
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - Kenneth S. Manatt
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - John C. Priscu
- Department of Land Resources & Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - William J. Abbey
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kris Zacny
- Honeybee Robotics, Altadena, California, USA
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11
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Chullipalliyalil K, Lewis L, McAuliffe MAP. Deep UV Laser-Induced Fluorescence for Pharmaceutical Cleaning Validation. Anal Chem 2020; 92:1447-1454. [PMID: 31822059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cleaning verification and validation is a requirement in the pharmaceutical industry. Due to the limited number of mobile devices that do effective and accurate onsite cleaning verification, it is mostly done via lab-based quality control techniques. These techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or total organic carbon, often lead to extending the validation of cleaning by days. The void of more sensitive, accurate, and portable instruments to verify cleaning onsite has to be filled. The article discusses the use of deep ultra violet (DUV) laser-induced fluorescence for detecting carryover of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and detergents onsite. A modified spectrometer was used as an offsite bench type prototype for analyzing trace samples of API and cleaning detergents with various substrates. Even if the API to be detected has a low fluorescence efficiency, the specificity of the technique allows API traces having concentrations as low as ≈0.20 μg/cm2 to be identified. The work also shows the possibility of using a probe for validating cleaning of hard to reach areas using DUV laser-induced fluorescence. DUV laser-induced fluorescence of trace API over any polymer/glass substrate has better signal to background ratio (SBR) compared to FTIR absorption techniques. Processing times of DUV laser-induced fluorescence trace detection are shown to be much less than swab based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liam Lewis
- Center for Advanced Photonics and Process Analysis (CAPPA) , Cork Institute of Technology , Cork , Ireland
| | - Michael A P McAuliffe
- Center for Advanced Photonics and Process Analysis (CAPPA) , Cork Institute of Technology , Cork , Ireland
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12
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Eshelman EJ, Malaska MJ, Manatt KS, Doloboff IJ, Wanger G, Willis MC, Abbey WJ, Beegle LW, Priscu JC, Bhartia R. WATSON: In Situ Organic Detection in Subsurface Ice Using Deep-UV Fluorescence Spectroscopy. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:771-784. [PMID: 30822105 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial icy environments have been found to preserve organic material and contain habitable niches for microbial life. The cryosphere of other planetary bodies may therefore also serve as an accessible location to search for signs of life. The Wireline Analysis Tool for the Subsurface Observation of Northern ice sheets (WATSON) is a compact deep-UV fluorescence spectrometer for nondestructive ice borehole analysis and spatial mapping of organics and microbes, intended to address the heterogeneity and low bulk densities of organics and microbial cells in ice. WATSON can be either operated standalone or integrated into a wireline drilling system. We present an overview of the WATSON instrument and results from laboratory experiments intended to determine (i) the sensitivity of WATSON to organic material in a water ice matrix and (ii) the ability to detect organic material under various thicknesses of ice. The results of these experiments show that in bubbled ice the instrument has a depth of penetration of 10 mm and a detection limit of fewer than 300 cells. WATSON incorporates a scanning system that can map the distribution of organics and microbes over a 75 by 25 mm area. WATSON demonstrates a sensitive fluorescence mapping technique for organic and microbial detection in icy environments including terrestrial glaciers and ice sheets, and planetary surfaces including Europa, Enceladus, or the martian polar caps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Eshelman
- 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Michael J Malaska
- 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Kenneth S Manatt
- 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Ivria J Doloboff
- 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Greg Wanger
- 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
- 2 University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Madelyne C Willis
- 3 Montana State University, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Science, Bozeman, Montana
| | - William J Abbey
- 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Luther W Beegle
- 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - John C Priscu
- 3 Montana State University, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Science, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Rohit Bhartia
- 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
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13
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Abstract
Different chemical (hyperspectral) imaging techniques have proven to be powerful tools to provide and illustrate insightful data within a broad range of research areas. The present communication includes proof-of-principle results of UV Raman hyperspectral imaging, achieved via compressed sensing measurements using coded apertures (CA) and a reconstruction algorithm. The simple and cheap CA set up, obtained by a 50% overall transmissive random binary mask (chromium on fused silica with 100 μm × 100 μm pixel size) positioned at the entrance plane of an imaging spectrograph, resulted in an overall high throughput for the UV region of interest. The mask was mounted on a translation stage, allowing reproducible switching to different CA, thus making possible for multi frame CA imaging. Results from a scene containing liquid droplets are shown as examples and, as expected, qualitative improvements in resolution and contrast could be observed in both the spatial and spectral domain as the number of CA frames was increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Nordberg
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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14
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Misra AK, Acosta-Maeda TE, Sharma SK, McKay CP, Gasda PJ, Taylor GJ, Lucey PG, Flynn L, Abedin MN, Clegg SM, Wiens R. "Standoff Biofinder" for Fast, Noncontact, Nondestructive, Large-Area Detection of Biological Materials for Planetary Exploration. ASTROBIOLOGY 2016; 16:715-729. [PMID: 27623200 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We developed a prototype instrument called the Standoff Biofinder, which can quickly locate biological material in a 500 cm(2) area from a 2 m standoff distance with a detection time of 0.1 s. All biogenic materials give strong fluorescence signals when excited with UV and visible lasers. In addition, the luminescence decay time of biogenic compounds is much shorter (<100 ns) than the micro- to millisecond decay time of transition metal ions and rare-earth ions in minerals and rocks. The Standoff Biofinder takes advantage of the short lifetime of biofluorescent materials to obtain real-time fluorescence images that show the locations of biological materials among luminescent minerals in a geological context. The Standoff Biofinder instrument will be useful for locating biological material during future NASA rover, lander, and crewed missions. Additionally, the instrument can be used for nondestructive detection of biological materials in unique samples, such as those obtained by sample return missions from the outer planets and asteroids. The Standoff Biofinder also has the capacity to detect microbes and bacteria on space instruments for planetary protection purposes. KEY WORDS Standoff Biofinder-Luminescence-Time-resolved fluorescence-Biofluorescence-Planetary exploration-Planetary protection-Noncontact nondestructive biodetection. Astrobiology 16, 715-729.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam K Misra
- 1 Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii at Mānoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Tayro E Acosta-Maeda
- 1 Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii at Mānoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Shiv K Sharma
- 1 Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii at Mānoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | | | | | - G Jeffrey Taylor
- 1 Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii at Mānoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Paul G Lucey
- 1 Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii at Mānoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Luke Flynn
- 1 Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii at Mānoa , Honolulu, Hawaii
| | | | - Samuel M Clegg
- 3 Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Roger Wiens
- 3 Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico
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15
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Salas EC, Bhartia R, Anderson L, Hug WF, Reid RD, Iturrino G, Edwards KJ. In situ Detection of Microbial Life in the Deep Biosphere in Igneous Ocean Crust. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1260. [PMID: 26617595 PMCID: PMC4641887 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep biosphere is a major frontier to science. Recent studies have shown the presence and activity of cells in deep marine sediments and in the continental deep biosphere. Volcanic lavas in the deep ocean subsurface, through which substantial fluid flow occurs, present another potentially massive deep biosphere. We present results from the deployment of a novel in situ logging tool designed to detect microbial life harbored in a deep, native, borehole environment within igneous oceanic crust, using deep ultraviolet native fluorescence spectroscopy. Results demonstrate the predominance of microbial-like signatures within the borehole environment, with densities in the range of 105 cells/mL. Based on transport and flux models, we estimate that such a concentration of microbial cells could not be supported by transport through the crust, suggesting in situ growth of these communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everett C Salas
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Planetary Chemistry and Astrobiology, California Insitute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA ; Photon Systems, Inc. Covina, CA, USA
| | - Rohit Bhartia
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Planetary Chemistry and Astrobiology, California Insitute of Technology Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Louise Anderson
- Department of Geology, University of Leicester Leicester, UK
| | | | | | - Gerardo Iturrino
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Marine Geology and Geophysics Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Katrina J Edwards
- Department of Biological Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Marshall CP, Olcott Marshall A. Challenges Analyzing Gypsum on Mars by Raman Spectroscopy. ASTROBIOLOGY 2015; 15:761-769. [PMID: 26317670 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy can provide chemical information about organic and inorganic substances quickly and nondestructively with little to no sample preparation, thus making it an ideal instrument for Mars rover missions. The ESA ExoMars planetary mission scheduled for launch in 2018 will contain a miniaturized Raman spectrometer (RLS) as part of the Pasteur payload operating with a continuous wave (CW) laser emitting at 532 nm. In addition, NASA is independently developing two miniaturized Raman spectrometers for the upcoming Mars 2020 rover mission, one of which is a remote (stand-off) Raman spectrometer that uses a pulse-gated 532 nm excitation system (SuperCam). The other is an in situ Raman spectrometer that employs a CW excitation laser emitting at 248.6 nm (SHERLOC). Recently, it has been shown with analyses by Curiosity that Gale Crater contains significantly elevated concentrations of transition metals such as Cr and Mn. Significantly, these transition metals are known to undergo fluorescence emission in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Consequently, samples containing these metals could be problematic for the successful acquisition of fluorescence-free Raman spectra when using a CW 532 nm excitation source. Here, we investigate one analog environment, with a similar mineralogy and sedimentology to that observed in martian environments, as well as elevated Cr contents, to ascertain the best excitation wavelength to successfully collect fluorescence-free spectra from Mars-like samples. Our results clearly show that CW near-infrared laser excitation emitting at 785 nm is better suited to the collection of fluorescence-free Raman spectra than would be a CW laser emitting at 532 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P Marshall
- 1 Department of Geology, The University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas
- 2 Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas
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17
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Włodarski M, Kaliszewski M, Trafny EA, Szpakowska M, Lewandowski R, Bombalska A, Kwaśny M, Kopczyński K, Mularczyk-Oliwa M. Fast, reagentless and reliable screening of "white powders" during the bioterrorism hoaxes. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 248:71-7. [PMID: 25598484 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The classification of dry powder samples is an important step in managing the consequences of terrorist incidents. Fluorescence decays of these samples (vegetative bacteria, bacterial endospores, fungi, albumins and several flours) were measured with stroboscopic technique using an EasyLife LS system PTI. Three pulsed nanosecond LED sources, generating 280, 340 and 460nm were employed for samples excitation. The usefulness of a new 460nm light source for fluorescence measurements of dry microbial cells has been demonstrated. The principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) have been used for classification of dry biological samples. It showed that the single excitation wavelength was not sufficient for differentiation of biological samples of diverse origin. However, merging fluorescence decays from two or three excitation wavelengths allowed classification of these samples. An experimental setup allowing the practical implementation of this method for the real time fluorescence decay measurement was designed. It consisted of the LED emitting nanosecond pulses at 280nm and two fast photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) for signal detection in two fluorescence bands simultaneously. The positive results of the dry powder samples measurements confirmed that the fluorescence decay-based technique could be a useful tool for fast classification of the suspected "white powders" performed by the first responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Włodarski
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miron Kaliszewski
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Anna Trafny
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Microbiology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szpakowska
- Department of Microbiology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Lewandowski
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Microbiology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Bombalska
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirosław Kwaśny
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kopczyński
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Mularczyk-Oliwa
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Pan YL, Hill SC, Santarpia JL, Brinkley K, Sickler T, Coleman M, Williamson C, Gurton K, Felton M, Pinnick RG, Baker N, Eshbaugh J, Hahn J, Smith E, Alvarez B, Prugh A, Gardner W. Spectrally-resolved fluorescence cross sections of aerosolized biological live agents and simulants using five excitation wavelengths in a BSL-3 laboratory. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:8165-8189. [PMID: 24718194 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.008165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A system for measuring spectrally-resolved fluorescence cross sections of single bioaerosol particles has been developed and employed in a biological safety level 3 (BSL-3) facility at Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center (ECBC). It is used to aerosolize the slurry or solution of live agents and surrogates into dried micron-size particles, and to measure the fluorescence spectra and sizes of the particles one at a time. Spectrally-resolved fluorescence cross sections were measured for (1) bacterial spores: Bacillus anthracis Ames (BaA), B. atrophaeus var. globigii (BG) (formerly known as Bacillus globigii), B. thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), B. thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk), B. anthracis Sterne (BaS); (2) vegetative bacteria: Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pantoea agglomerans (Eh) (formerly known as Erwinia herbicola), Yersinia rohdei (Yr), Yersinia pestis CO92 (Yp); and (3) virus preparations: Venezuelan equine encephalitis TC83 (VEE) and the bacteriophage MS2. The excitation wavelengths were 266 nm, 273 nm, 280 nm, 365 nm and 405 nm.
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20
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Dartnell LR, Roberts TA, Moore G, Ward JM, Muller JP. Fluorescence characterization of clinically-important bacteria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75270. [PMID: 24098687 PMCID: PMC3787103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections (HCAI/HAI) represent a substantial threat to patient health during hospitalization and incur billions of dollars additional cost for subsequent treatment. One promising method for the detection of bacterial contamination in a clinical setting before an HAI outbreak occurs is to exploit native fluorescence of cellular molecules for a hand-held, rapid-sweep surveillance instrument. Previous studies have shown fluorescence-based detection to be sensitive and effective for food-borne and environmental microorganisms, and even to be able to distinguish between cell types, but this powerful technique has not yet been deployed on the macroscale for the primary surveillance of contamination in healthcare facilities to prevent HAI. Here we report experimental data for the specification and design of such a fluorescence-based detection instrument. We have characterized the complete fluorescence response of eleven clinically-relevant bacteria by generating excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) over broad wavelength ranges. Furthermore, a number of surfaces and items of equipment commonly present on a ward, and potentially responsible for pathogen transfer, have been analyzed for potential issues of background fluorescence masking the signal from contaminant bacteria. These include bedside handrails, nurse call button, blood pressure cuff and ward computer keyboard, as well as disinfectant cleaning products and microfiber cloth. All examined bacterial strains exhibited a distinctive double-peak fluorescence feature associated with tryptophan with no other cellular fluorophore detected. Thus, this fluorescence survey found that an emission peak of 340nm, from an excitation source at 280nm, was the cellular fluorescence signal to target for detection of bacterial contamination. The majority of materials analysed offer a spectral window through which bacterial contamination could indeed be detected. A few instances were found of potential problems of background fluorescence masking that of bacteria, but in the case of the microfiber cleaning cloth, imaging techniques could morphologically distinguish between stray strands and bacterial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis R. Dartnell
- UCL Institute for Origins, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Centre for Planetary Sciences at UCL/Birkbeck, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Tom A. Roberts
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ginny Moore
- Clinical Microbiology & Virology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - John M. Ward
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan-Peter Muller
- The Centre for Planetary Sciences at UCL/Birkbeck, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Surrey, United Kingdom
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21
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Cavalazzi B, Westall F, Cady SL, Barbieri R, Foucher F. Potential fossil endoliths in vesicular pillow basalt, Coral Patch Seamount, eastern North Atlantic Ocean. ASTROBIOLOGY 2011; 11:619-32. [PMID: 21875356 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The chilled rinds of pillow basalt from the Ampère-Coral Patch Seamounts in the eastern North Atlantic were studied as a potential habitat of microbial life. A variety of putative biogenic structures, which include filamentous and spherical microfossil-like structures, were detected in K-phillipsite-filled amygdules within the chilled rinds. The filamentous structures (∼2.5 μm in diameter) occur as K-phillipsite tubules surrounded by an Fe-oxyhydroxide (lepidocrocite) rich membranous structure, whereas the spherical structures (from 4 to 2 μm in diameter) are associated with Ti oxide (anatase) and carbonaceous matter. Several lines of evidence indicate that the microfossil-like structures in the pillow basalt are the fossilized remains of microorganisms. Possible biosignatures include the carbonaceous nature of the spherical structures, their size distributions and morphology, the presence and distribution of native fluorescence, mineralogical and chemical composition, and environmental context. When taken together, the suite of possible biosignatures supports the hypothesis that the fossil-like structures are of biological origin. The vesicular microhabitat of the rock matrix is likely to have hosted a cryptoendolithic microbial community. This study documents a variety of evidence for past microbial life in a hitherto poorly investigated and underestimated microenvironment, as represented by the amygdules in the chilled pillow basalt rinds. This kind of endolithic volcanic habitat would have been common on the early rocky planets in our Solar System, such as Earth and Mars. This study provides a framework for evaluating traces of past life in vesicular pillow basalts, regardless of whether they occur on early Earth or Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cavalazzi
- Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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22
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Johnson PV, Hodyss R, Bolser DK, Bhartia R, Lane AL, Kanik I. Ultraviolet-stimulated fluorescence and phosphorescence of aromatic hydrocarbons in water ice. ASTROBIOLOGY 2011; 11:151-156. [PMID: 21417944 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2010.0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A principal goal of astrobiology is to detect and inventory the population of organic compounds on extraterrestrial bodies. Targets of specific interest include the wealth of icy worlds that populate our Solar System. One potential technique for in situ detection of organics trapped in water ice matrices involves ultraviolet-stimulated emission from these compounds. Here, we report a preliminary investigation into the feasibility of this concept. Specifically, fluorescence and phosphorescence of pure benzene ice and 1% mixtures of benzene, toluene, p-xylene, m-xylene, and o-xylene in water ice, respectively, were studied at temperatures ranging from ∼17 K up to 160 K. Spectra were measured from 200-500 nm (50,000-20,000 cm(-1)) while ice mixtures were excited at 248.6 nm. The temperature dependence of the fluorescence and phosphorescence intensities was found to be independent of the thermal history and phase of the ice matrix in all cases examined. All phosphorescent emissions were found to decrease in intensity with increasing temperature. Similar behavior was observed for fluorescence in pure benzene, while the observed fluorescence intensity in water ices was independent of temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Johnson
- NASA Astrobiology Institute and Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109-8099, USA.
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Label-free bacterial imaging with deep-UV-laser-induced native fluorescence. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:7231-7. [PMID: 20817797 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00943-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a near-real-time optical imaging method that works via the detection of the intrinsic fluorescence of life forms upon excitation by deep-UV (DUV) illumination. A DUV (<250-nm) source enables the detection of microbes in their native state on natural materials, avoiding background autofluorescence and without the need for fluorescent dyes or tags. We demonstrate that DUV-laser-induced native fluorescence can detect bacteria on opaque surfaces at spatial scales ranging from tens of centimeters to micrometers and from communities to single cells. Given exposure times of 100 μs and low excitation intensities, this technique enables rapid imaging of bacterial communities and cells without irreversible sample alteration or destruction. We also demonstrate the first noninvasive detection of bacteria on in situ-incubated environmental experimental samples from the deep ocean (Lo'ihi Seamount), showing the use of DUV native fluorescence for in situ detection in the deep biosphere and other nutrient-limited environments.
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Stoker CR, Zent A, Catling DC, Douglas S, Marshall JR, Archer D, Clark B, Kounaves SP, Lemmon MT, Quinn R, Renno N, Smith PH, Young SM. Habitability of the Phoenix landing site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Virkler K, Lednev IK. Blood species identification for forensic purposes using Raman spectroscopy combined with advanced statistical analysis. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7773-7. [PMID: 19670872 DOI: 10.1021/ac901350a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Forensic analysis has become one of the most growing areas of analytical chemistry in recent years. The ability to determine the species of origin of a body fluid sample is a very important and crucial part of a forensic investigation. We introduce here a new technique which utilizes a modern analytical method based on the combination of Raman spectroscopy and advanced statistics to analyze the composition of blood traces from different species. Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy (NIR) was used to analyze multiple dry samples of human, canine, and feline blood for the ultimate application to forensic species identification. All of the spectra were combined into a single data matrix, and the number of principle components that described the system was determined using multiple statistical methods such as significant factor analysis (SFA), principle component analysis (PCA), and several cross-validation methods. Of the six principle components that were determined to be present, the first three, which contributed over 90% to the spectral data of the system, were used to form a three-dimensional scores plot that clearly showed significant separation between the three groups of species. Ellipsoids representing a 99% confidence interval surrounding each species group showed no overlap. This technique using Raman spectroscopy is nondestructive and quick and can potentially be performed at the scene of a crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Virkler
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, USA
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Storrie-Lombardi MC, Sattler B. Laser-induced fluorescence emission (L.I.F.E.): in situ nondestructive detection of microbial life in the ice covers of Antarctic lakes. ASTROBIOLOGY 2009; 9:659-672. [PMID: 19778277 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2009.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced fluorescence emission (L.I.F.E.) images were obtained in situ following 532 nm excitation of cryoconite assemblages in the ice covers of annual and perennially frozen Antarctic lakes during the 2008 Tawani International Expedition to Schirmacher Oasis and Lake Untersee in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Laser targeting of a single millimeter-scale cryoconite results in multiple neighboring excitation events secondary to ice/air interface reflection and refraction in the bubbles surrounding the primary target. Laser excitation at 532 nm of cyanobacteria-dominated assemblages produced red and infrared autofluorescence activity attributed to the presence of phycoerythrin photosynthetic pigments. The method avoids destruction of individual target organisms and does not require the disruption of either the structure of the microbial community or the surrounding ice matrix. L.I.F.E. survey strategies described may be of interest for orbital monitoring of photosynthetic primary productivity in polar and alpine glaciers, ice sheets, snow, and lake ice of Earth's cryosphere. The findings open up the possibility of searching from either a rover or from orbit for signs of life in the polar regions of Mars and the frozen regions of exoplanets in neighboring star systems.
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