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Zhao YL, Deng K, Shi JC. fs laser-induced filament study of aliphatic nitroalkanes: correlation between molecular structure and spectroscopic evolution of the filament. Analyst 2022; 147:889-896. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an02002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
fs laser-induced filament and breakdown spectroscopy can be used for studying the correlation between the molecular structure and spectroscopic evolution of the filament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. L. Zhao
- The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - K. Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - J. C. Shi
- The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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2
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Yousfi H, Abdelli-Messaci S, Ouamerali O, Dekhira A. Atomic and Molecular Species Post-2 μs Dynamics in Laser-Induced Carbon Plasmas in Air. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:287-298. [PMID: 33103491 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820971602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced carbon plasma in air undergoes various physicochemical processes that affect the kinetic chemistry of species of the plasma plume. We report the time- and space-resolved characterization of carbon plasma produced by infrared nanosecond laser into air at atmospheric pressure. Investigating the laser fluence effect highlights dissociation for fluences >40 J cm-2, and recombination processes in the fluence range of 10-40 J cm-2. Emission intensities of C2 and CN molecules undergo an enhancement at specific spatiotemporal locations in the laser-induced plasma. At a value of 27 J/cm2 and 0.8 mm from the plasma ignition, molecular band formation is favored for the specific temperature and density values of 1.7 × 1015 cm-3 and 9502 K. The vibrational temperatures of molecules are determined using nonlinear spectral data fitting program. The shock front between laser-induced carbon plasma and air may lead to a significant shock wave that affects the occurrence of molecular CN and C2 formation. This can be explained by the distinct temperatures exhibited by CN and C2 molecules with laser fluence. The atomic carbon travels farther to react and form C2, where the ionization-recombination process plays a significant role in its formation. Collisions of C with N neutrals and N2 molecules are the plausible origin of CN generation. Moreover, the density of CN in the plasma depends on C2 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssyen Yousfi
- Laboratory of Theoretical Computational Chemistry and Photonics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32 El-alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers 16111, Algeria
- Center for Development of Advanced Technologies, Bab Hassen, Algiers, Algeria
| | | | - Ourida Ouamerali
- Laboratory of Theoretical Computational Chemistry and Photonics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32 El-alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers 16111, Algeria
| | - Azeddine Dekhira
- Laboratory of Theoretical Computational Chemistry and Photonics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32 El-alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers 16111, Algeria
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3
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Zhao YL, Lai GD, Li GG, Shang YL, Shi JC. Identifying C 2H 4N 4 structural isomers using fs-laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Analyst 2020; 145:7372-7379. [PMID: 32930677 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01593h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four C2H4N4 structural isomers are investigated with fs laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Plasma emissions, C I, Hα, the CN violet system (B2Σ+-X2Σ+, Δν = 0 sequence) and C2 swan system (d3Πg-a3Πu, Δν = 0 sequence) are measured. The temporal evolution of the characteristic emission intensity is obtained for each emission and their lifetimes are calculated. The lifetimes of the molecular emissions are much longer than those of the atomic emissions. Characteristic emission intensities and lifetime are correlated with the molecular structures of the four isomers to a certain extent. Plasma temperature is extracted by fitting the spectrum of the CN violet system, B2Σ+-X2Σ+; Δν = 0 sequence, and is weakly correlated with the molecular structures of the four isomers. Using the characteristic emission intensities as input, principal component analysis (PCA) and artificial neural network (ANN) analysis are performed and the individual isomers can be well identified with PCA or ANN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Zhao
- The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610027, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Mogyorosi K, Sarosi K, Seres I, Jojart P, Fule M, Chikan V. Formation of CN Radical from Nitrogen and Carbon Condensation and from Photodissociation in Femtosecond Laser-Induced Plasmas: Time-Resolved FT-UV-Vis Spectroscopic Study of the Violet Emission of CN Radical. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2755-2767. [PMID: 32119781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exploring the formation of diatomic radicals in femtosecond plasmas is important to establish the most dominant kinetic pathways following ionization and dissociation of small molecules. In this work, cyano radical formation has been studied from bromoform, acetonitrile, and methanol in nitrogen and argon plasmas created with a focused femtosecond laser beam operating at 100 kHz repetition rate and 1030 nm wavelength with 43 fs pulse length and 250 μJ pulse energy. Time-resolved Fourier transform fluorescence spectroscopy was applied in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectral range for the characterization of the rotational and vibrational temperatures of the CN(B) radicals via fitting the experimental data. The high repetition rate of the laser allows efficient coupling with the step-scan Fourier transform spectroscopy method. Coulomb explosion at the very high intensity (∼1016 W/cm2) resulted in the formation of nascent atoms, ions, and electrons. The condensation reactions of carbon and reactive nitrogen species resulted in the formation of CN(B2Σ+) radicals and C2(d3Πg) dicarbon molecules/radicals. The CN(B) radicals were formed at the highest concentration in the case of bromoform because the weak carbon-bromine bonds resulted in reactive carbon atoms and CH radicals, which are reactive precursors for the CN(B) radical formation. In the case of acetonitrile, immediate production of CN(B) is observed with nanosecond resolution, which suggests that the CN is formed either via photodetachment or via roaming reaction associated with the Coulomb explosion of the parent molecule. The nascent rotational temperature was very high (∼6000-8500 K) and rapidly decreased in all instances within 40 ns with bromoform and acetonitrile. The highest vibrational temperature (∼7800 K) was observed in an acetonitrile/Ar mixture that decreased in about 30 ns and then increased in the observed time window. The vibrational temperature increased in all samples between 30 and 200 ns. The time dependence of fluorescence is described with a monoexponential decay in the case of acetonitrile/Ar and with biexponential decays in all other instances in the 0-250 mbar total pressure range. The shorter time constant is close to the radiative lifetime of CN(B) emission (∼60-80 ns), which can be attributed to the CN(B) radicals produced in the first few collisions at lower pressures. The longer CN(B) emission is from CN(B) created by slower chemical reactions involving carbon atoms, C2 radicals, and reactive nitrogen-containing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mogyorosi
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics ter 13, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - K Sarosi
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics ter 13, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - I Seres
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics ter 13, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - P Jojart
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics ter 13, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - M Fule
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics ter 13, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - V Chikan
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics ter 13, Szeged H-6720, Hungary.,Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-0401, United States
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Zhang W, Tang Y, Shi A, Bao L, Shen Y, Shen R, Ye Y. Recent Developments in Spectroscopic Techniques for the Detection of Explosives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1364. [PMID: 30082670 PMCID: PMC6120018 DOI: 10.3390/ma11081364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trace detection of explosives has been an ongoing challenge for decades and has become one of several critical problems in defense science; public safety; and global counter-terrorism. As a result, there is a growing interest in employing a wide variety of approaches to detect trace explosive residues. Spectroscopy-based techniques play an irreplaceable role for the detection of energetic substances due to the advantages of rapid, automatic, and non-contact. The present work provides a comprehensive review of the advances made over the past few years in the fields of the applications of terahertz (THz) spectroscopy; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Raman spectroscopy; and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) for trace explosives detection. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of various spectroscopy-based detection techniques are summarized. Finally, the future development for the detection of explosives is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Yue Tang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Anran Shi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Lirong Bao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Ruiqi Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Yinghua Ye
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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Shaik AK, Epuru NR, Syed H, Byram C, Soma VR. Femtosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy based standoff detection of explosives and discrimination using principal component analysis. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:8069-8083. [PMID: 29715780 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.008069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the standoff (up to ~2 m) and remote (~8.5 m) detection of novel high energy materials/explosive molecules (Nitroimidazoles and Nitropyrazoles) using the technique of femtosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). We utilized two different collection systems (a) ME-OCT-0007 (commercially available) and (b) Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope for these experiments. In conjunction with LIBS data, principal component analysis was employed to discriminate/classify the explosives and the obtained results in both configurations are compared. Different aspects influencing the LIBS signal strength at far distances such as fluence at target, efficiency of collection system etc. are discussed.
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Liu L, Deng L, Fan L, Huang X, Lu Y, Shen X, Jiang L, Silvain JF, Lu Y. Time-resolved resonance fluorescence spectroscopy for study of chemical reactions in laser-induced plasmas. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:27000-27007. [PMID: 29092181 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.027000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Identification of chemical intermediates and study of chemical reaction pathways and mechanisms in laser-induced plasmas are important for laser-ablated applications. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), as a promising spectroscopic technique, is efficient for elemental analyses but can only provide limited information about chemical products in laser-induced plasmas. In this work, time-resolved resonance fluorescence spectroscopy was studied as a promising tool for the study of chemical reactions in laser-induced plasmas. Resonance fluorescence excitation of diatomic aluminum monoxide (AlO) and triatomic dialuminum monoxide (Al2O) was used to identify these chemical intermediates. Time-resolved fluorescence spectra of AlO and Al2O were used to observe the temporal evolution in laser-induced Al plasmas and to study their formation in the Al-O2 chemistry in air.
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Hou H, Mao X, Zorba V, Russo RE. Laser Ablation Molecular Isotopic Spectrometry for Molecules Formation Chemistry in Femtosecond-Laser Ablated Plasmas. Anal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Hou
- The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People’s Republic of China
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xianglei Mao
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Vassilia Zorba
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richard E. Russo
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Applied Spectra, Inc., Fremont, California 94538, United States
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Myakalwar AK, Anubham SK, Paidi SK, Barman I, Gundawar MK. Real-time fingerprinting of structural isomers using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Analyst 2016; 141:3077-83. [PMID: 27090343 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00408c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has surfaced as an attractive alternative to mass spectrometry and wet chemistry methods for chemical identification, driven by its real-time, label-free nature. Rapid analysis needs, especially in high-energy materials and pharmaceutical compounds, have further fueled an increasing number of refinements in LIBS. Yet, isomers are seldom identifiable by LIBS as they generate nearly identical spectra. Here we employ a suite of chemometric approaches to exploit the subtle, but reproducible, differences in LIBS spectra acquired from structural isomers, a set of pyrazoles, to develop a sensitive and reliable segmentation method. We also investigate the possible mechanistic principles (causation) behind such spectral variations and confirm their statistically significant nature that empowers the excellent classification performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Kumar Myakalwar
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Prof C R Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India.
| | - Siva Kumar Anubham
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Prof C R Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India.
| | - Santosh Kumar Paidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Ishan Barman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar Gundawar
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Prof C R Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India.
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