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Solar Fernandez V, Marino M, Fiocchetti M. Neuroglobin in Retinal Neurodegeneration: A Potential Target in Therapeutic Approaches. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113200. [PMID: 34831423 PMCID: PMC8621852 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal neurodegeneration affects an increasing number of people worldwide causing vision impairments and blindness, reducing quality of life, and generating a great economic challenge. Due to the complexity of the tissue, and the diversity of retinal neurodegenerative diseases in terms of etiology and clinical presentation, so far, there are no cures and only a few early pathological markers have been identified. Increasing efforts have been made to identify and potentiate endogenous protective mechanisms or to abolish detrimental stress responses to preserve retinal structure and function. The discovering of the intracellular monomeric globin neuroglobin (NGB), found at high concentration in the retina, has opened new possibilities for the treatment of retinal disease. Indeed, the NGB capability to reversibly bind oxygen and its neuroprotective function against several types of insults including oxidative stress, ischemia, and neurodegenerative conditions have raised the interest in the possible role of the globin as oxygen supplier in the retina and as a target for retinal neurodegeneration. Here, we provide the undercurrent knowledge on NGB distribution in retinal layers and the evidence about the connection between NGB level modulation and the functional outcome in terms of retinal neuroprotection to provide a novel therapeutic/preventive target for visual pathway degenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Solar Fernandez
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi, 00146 Rome, Italy; (V.S.F.); (M.M.)
- Neuroendocrinology, Metabolism, and Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi, 00146 Rome, Italy; (V.S.F.); (M.M.)
- Neuroendocrinology, Metabolism, and Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fiocchetti
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi, 00146 Rome, Italy; (V.S.F.); (M.M.)
- Neuroendocrinology, Metabolism, and Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-5733-6455; Fax: +39-06-5733-6321
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Vittori DC, Chamorro ME, Hernández YV, Maltaneri RE, Nesse AB. Erythropoietin and derivatives: Potential beneficial effects on the brain. J Neurochem 2021; 158:1032-1057. [PMID: 34278579 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo), the main erythropoiesis-stimulating factor widely prescribed to overcome anemia, is also known nowadays for its cytoprotective action on non-hematopoietic tissues. In this context, Epo showed not only its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, but also its expression in the brain of mammals. In clinical trials, recombinant Epo treatment has been shown to stimulate neurogenesis; improve cognition; and activate antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways. These mechanisms, proposed to characterize a neuroprotective property, opened new perspectives on the Epo pharmacological potencies. However, many questions arise about a possible physiological role of Epo in the central nervous system (CNS) and the factors or environmental conditions that induce its expression. Although Epo may be considered a strong candidate to be used against neuronal damage, long-term treatments, particularly when high Epo doses are needed, may induce thromboembolic complications associated with increases in hematocrit and blood viscosity. To avoid these adverse effects, different Epo analogs without erythropoietic activity but maintaining neuroprotection ability are currently being investigated. Carbamylated erythropoietin, as well as alternative molecules like Epo fusion proteins and partial peptides of Epo, seems to match this profile. This review will focus on the discussion of experimental evidence reported in recent years linking erythropoietin and CNS function through investigations aimed at finding benefits in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, it will review the proposed mechanisms for novel derivatives which may clarify and, eventually, improve the neuroprotective action of Epo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Vittori
- Department of Biological Chemistry, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Institute of Biological Chemistry (IQUIBICEN), School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María E Chamorro
- Department of Biological Chemistry, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Institute of Biological Chemistry (IQUIBICEN), School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yender V Hernández
- Department of Biological Chemistry, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Institute of Biological Chemistry (IQUIBICEN), School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina E Maltaneri
- Department of Biological Chemistry, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Institute of Biological Chemistry (IQUIBICEN), School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alcira B Nesse
- Department of Biological Chemistry, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Institute of Biological Chemistry (IQUIBICEN), School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Fiocchetti M, Cracco P, Montalesi E, Solar Fernandez V, Stuart JA, Marino M. Neuroglobin and mitochondria: The impact on neurodegenerative diseases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 701:108823. [PMID: 33675812 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional mitochondria have severe consequences on cell functions including Reactive Oxygen Specie (ROS) generation, alteration of mitochondrial signaling, Ca2+ buffering, and activation of apoptotic pathway. These dysfunctions are closely linked with degenerative diseases including neurodegeneration. The discovery of neuroglobin (NGB) as an endogenous neuroprotective protein, which effects seem to depend on its mitochondrial localization, could drive new therapeutic strategies against aged-related neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, high levels of NGB are active against several brain injuries, including neurodegeneration, hypoxia, ischemia, toxicity, and nutrient deprivation opening a new scenario in the comprehension of the relationship between neural pathologies and mitochondrial homeostasis. In this review, we provide the current understanding of the role of mitochondria in neurodegeneration and discuss structural and functional connection between NGB and mitochondria with the purpose of defining a novel mitochondrial-based neuroprotective mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fiocchetti
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi, 446 -00146, Rome, Italy; Neuroendocrinology, Metabolism, and Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizio Cracco
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi, 446 -00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Montalesi
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi, 446 -00146, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Jeffrey A Stuart
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Brock University, St. Catharines L2S 3A1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi, 446 -00146, Rome, Italy; Neuroendocrinology, Metabolism, and Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.
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Ciccone L, Nencetti S, Socci S, Orlandini E. Neuroglobin and neuroprotection: the role of natural and synthetic compounds in neuroglobin pharmacological induction. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2353-2358. [PMID: 33907006 PMCID: PMC8374583 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.300981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroglobin (Ngb) is a 17 kDa monomeric hexa-coordinated heme protein belonging to the globin family. Ngb is mainly expressed in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system, although moderate levels of Ngb have been detected in non-nervous tissues. In the past decade, Ngb has been studied for its neuroprotective role in a large number of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, brain ischemia and hypoxia. This review discusses and summarizes the natural compounds and the small synthetic molecules capable of modulating Ngb expression that exhibits a protective role against various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ciccone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Simone Socci
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Orlandini
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa; Research Center "E. Piaggio," University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Ponomarenko M, Sharypova E, Drachkova I, Chadaeva I, Arkova O, Podkolodnaya O, Ponomarenko P, Kolchanov N, Savinkova L. Unannotated single nucleotide polymorphisms in the TATA box of erythropoiesis genes show in vitro positive involvements in cognitive and mental disorders. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:165. [PMID: 33092544 PMCID: PMC7579878 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemoglobin is a tetramer consisting of two α-chains and two β-chains of globin. Hereditary aberrations in the synthesis of one of the globin chains are at the root of thalassemia, one of the most prevalent monogenic diseases worldwide. In humans, in addition to α- and β-globins, embryonic zeta-globin and fetal γ-globin are expressed. Immediately after birth, the expression of fetal Aγ- and Gγ-globin ceases, and then adult β-globin is mostly expressed. It has been shown that in addition to erythroid cells, hemoglobin is widely expressed in nonerythroid cells including neurons of the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum in rodents; embryonic and adult brain neurons in mice; and mesencephalic dopaminergic brain cells in humans, mice, and rats. Lately, there is growing evidence that different forms of anemia (changes in the number and quality of blood cells) may be involved in (or may accompany) the pathogenesis of various cognitive and mental disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, depression of various severity levels, bipolar disorders, and schizophrenia. Higher hemoglobin concentrations in the blood may lead to hyperviscosity, hypovolemia, and lung diseases, which may cause brain hypoxia and anomalies of brain function, which may also result in cognitive deficits. METHODS In this study, a search for unannotated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of erythroid genes was initially performed using our previously created and published SNP-TATA_Z-tester, which is a Web service for computational analysis of a given SNP for in silico estimation of its influence on the affinity of TATA-binding protein (TBP) for TATA and TATA-like sequences. The obtained predictions were finally verified in vitro by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). RESULTS On the basis of these experimental in vitro results and literature data, we studied TATA box SNPs influencing both human erythropoiesis and cognitive abilities. For instance, TBP-TATA affinity in the HbZ promoter decreases 6.6-fold as a result of a substitution in the TATA box (rs113180943), thereby possibly disrupting stage-dependent events of "switching" of hemoglobin genes and thus causing erythroblastosis. Therefore, rs113180943 may be a candidate marker of severe hemoglobinopathies with comorbid cognitive and mental disorders associated with cerebral blood flow disturbances. CONCLUSIONS The literature data and experimental and computations results suggest that the uncovered candidate SNP markers of erythropoiesis anomalies may also be studied in cohorts of patients with cognitive and/or mental disorders with comorbid erythropoiesis diseases in comparison to conventionally healthy volunteers. Research into the regulatory mechanisms by which the identified SNP markers contribute to the development of hemoglobinopathies and of the associated cognitive deficits will allow physicians not only to take timely and adequate measures against hemoglobinopathies but also to implement strategies preventing cognitive and mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Ponomarenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Sharypova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Irina Drachkova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Irina Chadaeva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Olga Arkova
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova Street, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Olga Podkolodnaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Petr Ponomarenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Nikolay Kolchanov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Ludmila Savinkova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Lessons from the post-genomic era: Globin diversity beyond oxygen binding and transport. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101687. [PMID: 32863222 PMCID: PMC7475203 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) were among the first proteins whose structures and sequences were determined over 50 years ago. In the subsequent pregenomic period, numerous related proteins came to light in plants, invertebrates and bacteria, that shared the myoglobin fold, a signature sequence motif characteristic of a 3-on-3 α-helical sandwich. Concomitantly, eukaryote and bacterial globins with a truncated 2-on-2 α-helical fold were discovered. Genomic information over the last 20 years has dramatically expanded the list of known globins, demonstrating their existence in a limited number of archaeal genomes, a majority of bacterial genomes and an overwhelming majority of eukaryote genomes. In vertebrates, 6 additional globin types were identified, namely neuroglobin (Ngb), cytoglobin (Cygb), globin E (GbE), globin X (GbX), globin Y (GbY) and androglobin (Adgb). Furthermore, functions beyond the familiar oxygen transport and storage have been discovered within the vertebrate globin family, including NO metabolism, peroxidase activity, scavenging of free radicals, and signaling functions. The extension of the knowledge on globin functions suggests that the original roles of bacterial globins must have been enzymatic, involved in defense against NO toxicity, and perhaps also as sensors of O2, regulating taxis away or towards high O2 concentrations. In this review, we aimed to discuss the evolution and remarkable functional diversity of vertebrate globins with particular focus on the variety of non-canonical expression sites of mammalian globins and their according impressive variability of atypical functions.
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Wu W, Qiu C, Feng X, Tao X, Zhu Q, Chen Z, Ma X, Yang J, Bao X. Protective Effect of Paeoniflorin on Acute Cerebral Infarction in Rats. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:702-709. [PMID: 31884927 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666191224151634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper was to study the protective effect of paeoniflorin on acute cerebral ischemia. The animal model of cerebral infarction induced by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) was blocked by the suture method. Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into the shame group, MCAO group, paeoniflorin (60, 120, 240 mg/kg, respectively) and Nimodipine (NMDP) group (n = 10 per group). METHODS The rats were intragastrically administered immediately after the operation. After 7 days of gavage, the brains were decapitated at 24 h. Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the degree of cell damage in the cerebral cortex of rats. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect silver plating and to observe changes in nerve cells. Rats in the model group showed obvious symptoms of neurological deficits, such as the ischemic morphological changed, the Malondialdehyde (MDA), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LD) content and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were significantly increased in the ischemic brain tissue, while the Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity was decreased. RESULTS The decrease in Na+-K+-ATPase activity was significantly lower than that in the sham group. The neurological symptoms and signs of MCAO in the different doses of paeoniflorin group were improved, and the neuronal edema in the cortical area was alleviated. The activities of SOD, LDH and Na+-K+-ATPase were significantly increased, and the contents of MDA and LD were decreased. CONCLUSION Therefore, paeoniflorin could alleviate the degree of tissue damage in rats with acute cerebral infarction, inhabit the formation of free radicals in the brain tissue after ischemia, and reduce the degree of lipid peroxidation. Thus, the degree of cell damage was reduced greatly and a protective effect was showed on cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Wenling Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, 317500, China
| | - Chenfeng Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Wenling Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, 317500, China
| | - Xuewen Feng
- Department of Neurology, Wenling Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, 317500, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tao
- Department of Neurology, Wenling Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, 317500, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Wenling Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, 317500, China
| | - Zhengjun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Wenling Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, 317500, China
| | - Xiaomin Ma
- Department of Neurology, Wenling Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, 317500, China
| | - Jinwei Yang
- Department of Neurology, Wenling Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, 317500, China
| | - Xianjun Bao
- Department of Neurology, Wenling Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, 317500, China
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Fiocchetti M, Fernandez VS, Montalesi E, Marino M. Neuroglobin: A Novel Player in the Oxidative Stress Response of Cancer Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6315034. [PMID: 31354909 PMCID: PMC6636438 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6315034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) result from intracellular aerobic metabolism and/or extracellular stimuli. Although endogenous antioxidant systems exquisitely balance ROS production, an excess of ROS production, commonly found in diverse human degenerative pathologies including cancer, gives rise to the oxidative stress. Increased oxidative stress in cancer is related to the sustained proliferation and metabolism of cancer cells. However, cancer cells show an intrinsic higher antioxidant capacity with respect to the normal counterpart as well as an ability to cope with oxidative stress-induced cell death by establishing mechanisms of adaptation, which define a selective advantage against the adverse oxidative stress environment. The identification of survival factors and adaptive pathways, set up by cancer cells against oxidative stress, provides multiple targets for the therapeutic intervention against cancer. Neuroglobin (NGB), a globin primarily described in neurons as an oxidative stress sensor and cytoprotective factor against redox imbalance, has been recently recognized as a novel tumor-associated protein. In this review, the involvement of NGB in the cancer cell adaptation and resistance to oxidative stress will be discussed highlighting the globin role in the regulation of both the stress-induced apoptotic pathway and antioxidant systems activated by cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fiocchetti
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Emiliano Montalesi
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
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Macias-Velez RJ, Fukushima-Díaz de León L, Beas-Zárate C, Rivera-Cervantes MC. Intranasal Erythropoietin Protects CA1 Hippocampal Cells, Modulated by Specific Time Pattern Molecular Changes After Ischemic Damage in Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:590-602. [PMID: 31054091 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin, a multitarget molecule exhibited neuroprotective properties, especially against cerebral ischemia. However, little effort has been made to determinate both the administration pathway and doses that diminishes neuronal damage. In this study, we investigate the effect on CA1 region of different intranasal doses of rHuEPO (500, 1000 and 2500 IU/kg) applied in distinct post-damage times (1, 6, and 24 h) against ischemic cellular damage. Furthermore, most effective dose and time were used to evaluate gen and protein expression changes in 3 key molecules (EPO, EPOR, and βcR). We established that CA1-region present histopathological damage in this ischemia model and that rHuEPO protects cells against damage, particularly at 1000 IU dose. Molecular data shows that EPO and EPOR gene expression are upregulated in a short term after damage treatment with rHuEPO (1 h); oppositely, BcR is upregulated in ischemic and Isc + EPO. Protein expression data displays no changes on EPO expression in evaluated times after treatment, but a tendency to increase 24 h after damage; in the opposite way, EPOR is upregulated significantly 6 h after treatment and this effect last until 24 h. So, our data suggest that a single intranasal dose of rHuEPO (1 h post-injury) provides histological neurorestoration in CA1 hippocampal region, even if we did not observe a dose-dependent dose effect, the medium dose evaluated (1000 UI/kg of b.w.) was more effective and sufficient for induces molecular changes that provides a platform for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Macias-Velez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - L Fukushima-Díaz de León
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - C Beas-Zárate
- Laboratorio de Regeneración Neural y Desarrollo Neural, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - M C Rivera-Cervantes
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Onal EM, Sag AA, Sal O, Yerlikaya A, Afsar B, Kanbay M. Erythropoietin mediates brain-vascular-kidney crosstalk and may be a treatment target for pulmonary and resistant essential hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 39:197-209. [PMID: 28448184 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2016.1246565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organ crosstalk pathways represent the next frontier for target-mining in molecular medicine for existing syndromes. Pulmonary hypertension and resistant essential hypertension are syndromes that have been proven elusive in etiology, and frequently refractory to first-line management. Underlying crosstalk mechanisms, not yet considered in these treatments, may hinder outcomes or unlock novel treatments. This review focuses systematically on erythropoietin, a synthesizable molecule, as a mediator of brain-kidney crosstalk. Insights gained from this review will be applied to cardiovascular diseases in a clinician-directed fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Alper Sag
- b Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology , Koç University School of Medicine , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Sal
- a School of Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | | | - Baris Afsar
- c Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , Section of Nephrology , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- d Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine , Koç University School of Medicine , Istanbul , Turkey
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Samaridou E, Alonso MJ. Nose-to-brain peptide delivery - The potential of nanotechnology. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:2888-2905. [PMID: 29170026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nose-to-brain (N-to-B) delivery offers to protein and peptide drugs the possibility to reach the brain in a non-invasive way. This article is a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art of this emerging peptide delivery route, as well as of the challenges associated to it. Emphasis is given on the potential of nanosized drug delivery carriers to enhance the direct N-to-B transport of protein or peptide drugs. In particular, polymer- and lipid- based nanocarriers are comparatively analyzed in terms of the influence of their physicochemical characteristics and composition on their in vivo fate and efficacy. The use of biorecognitive ligands and permeation enhancers in order to enhance their brain targeting efficiency is also discussed. The article concludes highlighting the early stage of this research field and its still unveiled potential. The final message is that more explicatory PK/PD studies are required in order to achieve the translation from preclinical to the clinical development phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Samaridou
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Av. Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria José Alonso
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Av. Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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12
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Santos-Morales O, Díaz-Machado A, Jiménez-Rodríguez D, Pomares-Iturralde Y, Festary-Casanovas T, González-Delgado CA, Pérez-Rodríguez S, Alfonso-Muñoz E, Viada-González C, Piedra-Sierra P, García-García I, Amaro-González D, García-Rodríguez JC, Sosa-Testé I, Lagarto-Parra A, Barrero-Viera L, David-Baldo M, Tamayo-Rodríguez M, Rivero-Vázquez I, González-Gamiz G, Martín-Trujillo A, Rodríguez-Fernández Y, Ledo-de la Luz AA, Álvarez-Delgado M, Howland-Álvarez I, Cruz-Gómez Y. Nasal administration of the neuroprotective candidate NeuroEPO to healthy volunteers: a randomized, parallel, open-label safety study. BMC Neurol 2017; 17:129. [PMID: 28676085 PMCID: PMC5496637 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-017-0908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delivery of therapeutic agents as erythropoietin (EPO) into Central Nervous System through intranasal route could benefit patients with neurological disorders. A new nasal formulation containing a non-hematopoietic recombinant EPO (NeuroEPO) has shown neuroprotective actions in preclinical models. In the current study, the safety of NeuroEPO was evaluated for the first time in humans. METHODS A phase I, randomized, parallel, open-label study was carried out in healthy volunteers. They received, intranasally, 1 mg of NeuroEPO every 8 h during 4 days (Group A) or 0.5 mg of NeuroEPO (Group B) with the same schedule. The working hypothesis was that intranasal NeuroEPO produce <10% of severe adverse reactions in the evaluated groups. Therefore, a rigorous assessment of possible adverse events was carried out, which included tolerance of the nasal mucosa and the effect on hematopoietic activity. Clinical safety evaluation was daily during treatment and laboratory tests were done before and on days 5 and 14 after starting treatment. RESULTS Twenty-five volunteers, 56% women, with a mean age of 27 yrs. were included. Twelve of them received the highest NeuroEPO dose. Twenty types of adverse events occurred, with headache (20%) and increase of hepatic enzymes (20%) as the most reported ones. Nasopharyngeal itching was the most common local event but only observed in four patients (16%), all of them from the lowest dose group. About half of the events were very probably or probably caused by the studied product. Most of the events were mild (95.5%), did not require treatment (88.6%) and were completely resolved (81.8%). No severe adverse events were reported. During the study the hematopoietic variables were kept within reference values. CONCLUSIONS NeuroEPO was a safe product, well tolerated at the nasal mucosa level and did not stimulate erythropoiesis in healthy volunteers. TRIAL REGISTRATION Cuban Public Registry of Clinical Trials RPCEC00000157 , June 10, 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alina Díaz-Machado
- National Center for Toxicology, “Carlos J. Finlay” University Hospital, Havana, Cuba
| | - Daise Jiménez-Rodríguez
- Clinical Trials Group, Research Direction, Center for Drug Research and Development (CIDEM), Ave. 26 and Puentes Grandes, No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Tatiana Festary-Casanovas
- Clinical Trials Group, Research Direction, Center for Drug Research and Development (CIDEM), Ave. 26 and Puentes Grandes, No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Sonia Pérez-Rodríguez
- National Center for Toxicology, “Carlos J. Finlay” University Hospital, Havana, Cuba
| | - Eulalia Alfonso-Muñoz
- National Center for Toxicology, “Carlos J. Finlay” University Hospital, Havana, Cuba
| | - Carmen Viada-González
- NeuroEPO Research and Development Group, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Idrian García-García
- Clinical Trials Group, Research Direction, Center for Drug Research and Development (CIDEM), Ave. 26 and Puentes Grandes, No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Daniel Amaro-González
- NeuroEPO Research and Development Group, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | - for the NeuroEPO Study Group
- NeuroEPO Research and Development Group, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
- National Center for Toxicology, “Carlos J. Finlay” University Hospital, Havana, Cuba
- Clinical Trials Group, Research Direction, Center for Drug Research and Development (CIDEM), Ave. 26 and Puentes Grandes, No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Julio César García-Rodríguez
- NeuroEPO Research and Development Group, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
- National Center for Toxicology, “Carlos J. Finlay” University Hospital, Havana, Cuba
- Clinical Trials Group, Research Direction, Center for Drug Research and Development (CIDEM), Ave. 26 and Puentes Grandes, No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Iliana Sosa-Testé
- NeuroEPO Research and Development Group, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
- National Center for Toxicology, “Carlos J. Finlay” University Hospital, Havana, Cuba
- Clinical Trials Group, Research Direction, Center for Drug Research and Development (CIDEM), Ave. 26 and Puentes Grandes, No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Alicia Lagarto-Parra
- NeuroEPO Research and Development Group, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
- National Center for Toxicology, “Carlos J. Finlay” University Hospital, Havana, Cuba
- Clinical Trials Group, Research Direction, Center for Drug Research and Development (CIDEM), Ave. 26 and Puentes Grandes, No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Laura Barrero-Viera
- NeuroEPO Research and Development Group, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
- National Center for Toxicology, “Carlos J. Finlay” University Hospital, Havana, Cuba
- Clinical Trials Group, Research Direction, Center for Drug Research and Development (CIDEM), Ave. 26 and Puentes Grandes, No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Marlene David-Baldo
- NeuroEPO Research and Development Group, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
- National Center for Toxicology, “Carlos J. Finlay” University Hospital, Havana, Cuba
- Clinical Trials Group, Research Direction, Center for Drug Research and Development (CIDEM), Ave. 26 and Puentes Grandes, No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Maura Tamayo-Rodríguez
- NeuroEPO Research and Development Group, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
- National Center for Toxicology, “Carlos J. Finlay” University Hospital, Havana, Cuba
- Clinical Trials Group, Research Direction, Center for Drug Research and Development (CIDEM), Ave. 26 and Puentes Grandes, No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ivonne Rivero-Vázquez
- NeuroEPO Research and Development Group, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
- National Center for Toxicology, “Carlos J. Finlay” University Hospital, Havana, Cuba
- Clinical Trials Group, Research Direction, Center for Drug Research and Development (CIDEM), Ave. 26 and Puentes Grandes, No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Gricel González-Gamiz
- NeuroEPO Research and Development Group, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
- National Center for Toxicology, “Carlos J. Finlay” University Hospital, Havana, Cuba
- Clinical Trials Group, Research Direction, Center for Drug Research and Development (CIDEM), Ave. 26 and Puentes Grandes, No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Alis Martín-Trujillo
- NeuroEPO Research and Development Group, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
- National Center for Toxicology, “Carlos J. Finlay” University Hospital, Havana, Cuba
- Clinical Trials Group, Research Direction, Center for Drug Research and Development (CIDEM), Ave. 26 and Puentes Grandes, No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yasmila Rodríguez-Fernández
- NeuroEPO Research and Development Group, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
- National Center for Toxicology, “Carlos J. Finlay” University Hospital, Havana, Cuba
- Clinical Trials Group, Research Direction, Center for Drug Research and Development (CIDEM), Ave. 26 and Puentes Grandes, No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ana Alfa Ledo-de la Luz
- NeuroEPO Research and Development Group, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
- National Center for Toxicology, “Carlos J. Finlay” University Hospital, Havana, Cuba
- Clinical Trials Group, Research Direction, Center for Drug Research and Development (CIDEM), Ave. 26 and Puentes Grandes, No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Maylén Álvarez-Delgado
- NeuroEPO Research and Development Group, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
- National Center for Toxicology, “Carlos J. Finlay” University Hospital, Havana, Cuba
- Clinical Trials Group, Research Direction, Center for Drug Research and Development (CIDEM), Ave. 26 and Puentes Grandes, No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ivón Howland-Álvarez
- NeuroEPO Research and Development Group, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
- National Center for Toxicology, “Carlos J. Finlay” University Hospital, Havana, Cuba
- Clinical Trials Group, Research Direction, Center for Drug Research and Development (CIDEM), Ave. 26 and Puentes Grandes, No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yolanda Cruz-Gómez
- NeuroEPO Research and Development Group, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
- National Center for Toxicology, “Carlos J. Finlay” University Hospital, Havana, Cuba
- Clinical Trials Group, Research Direction, Center for Drug Research and Development (CIDEM), Ave. 26 and Puentes Grandes, No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado, Havana, Cuba
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Zhu L, Huang L, Wen Q, Wang T, Qiao L, Jiang L. Recombinant human erythropoietin offers neuroprotection through inducing endogenous erythropoietin receptor and neuroglobin in a neonatal rat model of periventricular white matter damage. Neurosci Lett 2017; 650:12-17. [PMID: 28359933 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rh-EPO) has been reported to have protective effects against brain injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) and neuroglobin (Ngb) in a neonatal rat model of periventricular white matter damage (PWMD), and to identify the relationship between the two proteins. On postnatal day 3 (P3), rats underwent permanent ligation of the right common carotid artery followed by 6% O2 for 4h (HI) or sham operation and normoxic exposure (sham). Immediately after HI, rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of rh-EPO (5U/g) or saline. We assessed the expression level of Ngb and EPOR on postnatal days 5, 7, 10 and 14. EPOR in the HI rats was initially increased as compared to the sham rats at P5. Subsequently, EPOR expression decreased, but was maintained at a higher level than in sham rats from P7 to P14. In rh-EPO treated rats, the increase in EPOR was greater than in HI rats at P5. However, EPOR levels decreased sharply from P7 to P14. In HI rats, Ngb was increased compared to the sham rats from P5 to P14. Ngb levels were further upregulated after rh-EPO administration from P5 to P10 compared to HI rats. However, this upregulation decreased at P14. In conclusion, this study shows that EPOR and Ngb were upregulated, and both of them act as important coordinated neuroprotectors in rh-EPO treatment of PWMD. However, the two proteins exhibit different expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhu
- Institute of Clinical and Nursing, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational College, 69 Huangshan Ling Road, Pukou District, Nanjing 211800, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 87 Dingjia Qiao, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 87 Dingjia Qiao, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipai Lou, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lixing Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 87 Dingjia Qiao, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 87 Dingjia Qiao, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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14
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Ascenzi P, di Masi A, Leboffe L, Fiocchetti M, Nuzzo MT, Brunori M, Marino M. Neuroglobin: From structure to function in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 52:1-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Remote ischemic preconditioning improves post resuscitation cerebral function via overexpressing neuroglobin after cardiac arrest in rats. Brain Res 2016; 1648:345-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Gaddam SK, Cruz J, Robertson C. Erythropoietin and cytoprotective cytokines in experimental traumatic brain injury. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 982:141-62. [PMID: 23456867 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-308-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The various biochemical cascades that follow primary brain injury result in secondary brain injury which can adversely affect the clinical outcome. Over the last few years it has been well established that molecules like erythropoietin (Epo) have a neuroprotective role in experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). Epo is shown to produce this effect by modulating multiple cellular processes, including apoptosis, inflammation, and regulation of cerebral blood flow. Derivatives of Epo, including asialo Epo and carbamylated Epo, have been developed to separate the neuroprotective properties from the erythropoiesis-stimulating activities of Epo which may have adverse effects in clinical situations. Peptides that mimic a portion of the Epo molecule, including Helix B surface peptide and Epotris, have also been developed to isolate the neuroprotective activities. The TBI model in rodents most commonly used to study the effect of Epo and these derivatives in TBI is controlled cortical impact injury, which is a model of focal contusion following a high velocity impact to the parietal cortex. Following TBI, rodents are given Epo or an Epo derivative vs. placebo and the outcome is evaluated in terms of physiological parameters (cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure), behavioral parameters (motor and memory), and histological parameters (contusion volumes, hippocampus cell counts).
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17
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Li SQ, Li WB, Zhang M, Wu YZ, Hu YY. The role of neuroglobin in the neuroprotection of limb ischemic preconditioning in rats. Mol Neurobiol 2012. [PMID: 23180278 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that limb ischemic preconditioning (LIP) protects neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the mechanisms of LIP are not well understood. Neuroglobin (Ngb) is a recently discovered globin that affords protection against hypoxic/ischemic brain injury. This study was performed to investigate the role of Ngb in the neuroprotection of LIP against brain ischemia and the involvements of mitochondria in the process. The rat global brain ischemic model was used, and the CA1 hippocampus was selected as the observational target. Ngb expression was investigated by RT-PCR and Western blot. Neuropathological evaluation was performed by thionin staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, and ultrastructure were examined by flow cytometry, spectrophotometry, and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. We also used Ngb antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs) and Ngb inducer hemin to inhibit or mimic the effect of LIP. We found that LIP significantly up-regulated Ngb expression and protected neurons against ischemia. Furthermore, LIP effectively improved deterioration in the Δψm, mitochondrial Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, and ultrastructure induced by cerebral ischemia. These effects of LIP were inhibited partly by Ngb AS-ODNs and mimicked by hemin. It could be concluded that up-regulation of Ngb expression played an important role in the neuroprotection induced by LIP, and the Ngb-mediated neuroprotection of LIP was, at least partly, associated with mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
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18
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Teste IS, Tamos YM, Cruz YR, Cernada AM, Rodríguez JC, Martínez NS, Antich RMC, González-Quevedo A, Rodríguez JCG. Dose effect evaluation and therapeutic window of the neuro-EPO nasal application for the treatment of the focal ischemia model in the Mongolian gerbil. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:607498. [PMID: 22701364 PMCID: PMC3366217 DOI: 10.1100/2012/607498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of disability in Cuba and in several developed countries. A possible neuroprotective agent is the rHu-EPO, whose effects have been demonstrated in models of brain ischemia. The Neuro-EPO is a derivative of the rHu-EPO that avoids the stimulation of erythropoiesis. The aim of this study was to determine the Neuro-EPO delivery into the central nervous system (CNS) to exert a neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia model of the Mongolian gerbil. The Neuro-EPO in a rate of 249.4 UI every 8 hours for 4 days showed 25% higher viability efficacy (P > 0.01), improving neurological score and behavior of the spontaneous exploratory activity, the preservation of CA3 areas of the hippocampus, the cortex, and thalamic nuclei in the focal ischemia model of the Mongolian gerbil. In summary, this study, the average dose-used Neuro-EPO (249.4 UI/10 μL/every 8 hours for 4 days), proved to be valid indicators of viability, neurological status, and spontaneous exploratory activity, being significantly lower than that reported for the systemically use of the rHu-EPO as a neuroprotectant. Indeed, up to 12 h after brain ischemia is very positive Neuro-EPO administration by the nasal route as a candidate for neuroprotection.
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19
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Jin K, Mao X, Xie L, Greenberg DA. Interactions between vascular endothelial growth factor and neuroglobin. Neurosci Lett 2012; 519:47-50. [PMID: 22583764 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and neuroglobin (Ngb) participate in neuronal responses to hypoxia and ischemia, but the relationship between their effects, if any, is unknown. To address this issue, we measured Ngb levels in VEGF-treated mouse cerebrocortical cultures and VEGF levels in cerebrocortical cultures from Ngb-overexpressing transgenic mice. VEGF stimulated Ngb expression in a VEGFR2/Flk1 receptor-dependent manner, whereas Ngb overexpression suppressed expression of VEGF. These findings provide further insight into hypoxia-stimulated neuronal signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlin Jin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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20
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Neuroglobin: A Novel Target for Endogenous Neuroprotection. Transl Stroke Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9530-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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